Browsing by Author "Brocklesby, D.W."
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Item Amicarbadile in East Coast Fever(1961) Brocklesby, D.W.; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, MugugaAmicarbalide isethionate* (3: 3' diamidinocarbanalide di-isethionate) is a useful drug for the treatment of Babesia divergens infection (Ashley, Berg & Lucas, 1960; Beveridge, Thwaite & Shepherd. 1960). Shone, Wells & Waller (1961), concluded that amicarbalide possessed advantages over phenamidine isethionate for the treatment of Babesia bigemina infection in cattle. It can, therefore, be anticipated that the compound will soon be available in Africa for the treatment of red water in cattle due to infection with B. higemina. Since most newly introduced babesicides and antimalarial drugs are immediately used for the treatment of field cases of East Coast fever, for which there is as yet no effective therapy, it is felt advisable that the following trial be reported.Item Amicarbalide in East Coast Fever(1961) Brocklesby, D.W.Sir,-Amicarbalide isethionate (3: 3' diamidinocarbanalide di-isethionate) is a useful drug for tbc treatment of Babesia divergells infection (Ashley, Berg & Lucas, 1960; Beveridge, Thwaite & Shepherd. 1960). Shone, Wells & Waller (1961) concluded that amicarbalide poss1essed advantages over phenamidine isethionate for the treatment of Babesia bigemina infection in cattle. It can, therefore be anticipated that the compound will soon be available in Africa for the treatment of red water in cattle due to infection with B. bigemina. Since most newly introduced babesicides and antimalarial drugs are immediately used for the treatment of field cases of East Coast fever, for which there is as yet no effective therapy, it is felt advisable that the following trial be reported.Item Attempts to Infect Some Small Laboratory Animals with Theileria parva(1961) Brocklesby, D.W.; Brenda, O.V.Research on East coast fever(T. parva infection) has been considerably hampered by the lack of a small laboratory host animal. All investigations have to be undertaken using as experimental animals, cattle, which are both cumbersome and expensive. This fact led some investigators to seek an alternative in tissue culture (Tsur, Neitz and Pols, 1957; Brocklesby and Hawking, 1958) but none of these attempts was very successful. It is generally assumed that all small laboratory animals are insusceptible to infection with T. parva, but a search of the literature failed to reveal reports of any extensive attempts to infect such animals. Jansen (1952) splenectomized 2 dassies (Procavia capensis) 16 and 21 days after infestation with infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae, but no development of T. parva took place. Barnett and Bailey (1955) were not able to infect a small number of rabbits, guinea-pigs or hamsters. Barnett (1956), however, succeeded in maintaining a parasitaemia in goats by the repeated intravenous injection of infected bovine blood. Ticks which fed on one of the goats subsequently transmitted the disease to cattle. It is probable that other attempts remain unpublished.Item Attempts to Infect Some Small Laboratory Animals with Theileria Parva(1961) Brocklesby, D.W.; Vidler, B.O. ; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, MugugaRESEARCH ON EAST COAST FEVER (T. parlla infection) has been considerably hampered by the lack of a small laboratory host animal. All investigations have to be undertaken using as experimental animals, cattle, which are both cumbersome and expensive. This fact led some investigators to seek an alternative in tissue culture (Tsur, Neitz and Pols, 1957; Brocklesby and Hawking, 1958) but none of these attempts was very successful. It is generally assumed that all small laboratory animals are insusceptible to infection with T. parva, but a search of the literature failed to reveal reports of any extensive attempts to infect such animals. Jansen (1952) splenectomized 2 dassies (Procavia capensis) 16 and 21 days after infestation with infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphae, but no development of T. parlla took place. Barnett and Bailey (1955) were not able to infect a small number of rabbits, guinea-pigs or hamsters. Barnett (1956), however, succeeded in maintaining a parasitaemia in goats by the repeated intravenous injections of infected bovine blood. Ticks which fed on one of the goats subsequently transmitted the disease to cattle. It is probable that other attempts remain unpublished.Item Buffaloes, East Coast Fever and Corridor Disease(1959) Brocklesby, D.W.For many years farmers in East Africa suspected that buffaloes brought East Coast fever, or a similar disease, on to their farms but it is only fairly recently that definite proof of this has been established. This article briefly reviews the work that Dr. S. F. Barnett and the writer have been doing on this problem during the last two years.Item A Differential Diagnostic Criterion for Babesia Major and Babesia Bigemina Vermicules from Tick Haemolymph(1977) Morzaria, S.P.; Brocklesby, D.W.; Agricultural Research Council, Institute for Research on Animal Diseases, Compton, Nr. Newbury, Berks., U.K.Babesia major mature and immature vermicules in the haemolymph of Haemaphysalis punctata were measured and found to be significantly larger than vermicules of Babesia bigemina. Mature B. major vermicules had a mean length of 15.53 μm and mature B. bigemina vermicules had a mean length of 11.79 μm. This difference provides a new criterion for the differentiation of the two species.Item Eperythrozoonosis in Swine(1960) Brocklesby, D.W.; East African Veterinary Research Organization, Muguga, KenyaRecently we have observed eperythrozoa in blood smears from a pig in Kenya. The following review was undertaken therefore to draw attention to the possibility that pigs in East Africa showing symptoms of anaemia or jaundice may be suffering from eperythrozoonosis.Item Experiments in Immunity to East Coast Fever(1965) Brocklesby, D.W.; Bailey, K.P.; Jarrett, W.F.H.; Martin, W.B.; Miller, H.R.P.; Nderito, P.; Urquhart, G.M.; University of East Africa, P.O. Kabete, KenyaSpleen suspension from cattle in the late hyper-plastic stage of Theileria parva infection, injected i/v in doses of 0.1-5 ml., protected 15 of 19 cattle from tick-induced infectionItem Experiments to Discover a Suitable Fluid for Moats Around Tick-Proof Stalls(Comm. for Technical Cooperation in Africa South of the Sahara, Publ. Bureau, 1965) Barnett, S.F.; Brocklesby, D.W.; East African Veterinary Research OrganizationFor experimental work at the EAVRO animals infected with Theileria parva and other tick-borne parasites are housed in specially designed tick-proof stalls that are surrounded inside the building by a moat. This note records the results of some experiments that were performed to discover a suitable fluid to place in these moats. It was important that the fluid should be cheap and that it should not affect the ticks that would be feeding on the animals for experimental purposes. Water might act as a good mechanical barrier, but it was felt that some fluid with tick-killing properties would be preferable, particularly when exotic parasites such as Theileria annulata were being studied. Fluids commonly used as ixodicides containing B.H.C. or Toxaphene could not be employed because of the danger of their affecting ticks feeding on the experimental animals.Item The Febrile Reaction In Fatal East Coast Fever- A Review Of 150 Cases(1962) Brocklesby, D.W.Criteria for the assessment of chemotherapy trials in East Coast Fever lave been suggested by Brocklesby, Barnett and Scott (in press). These criteria were based solely on effects on the morbidity and mortality rates of high-grade cattle exposed to the disease. It is considered that such an assessment is the simplest and most reliable method for the final evaluation of new compounds. However, as they point out, the detection of even a slight degree of therapeutic activity in one compound might suggest that it be further examined or lead to the exploration of other similar chemicals.Item Further Attempts to Infect Laboratory Animals with Theileria Parva(1962) Brocklesby, D.W.; Vidler, B.O.; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, MugugaWe have continued with our attempts to infect small laboratory animals with Theileria parva (Brocklesby & Vidler, 1961). The methods that were applied to Mesocricetur auratus, Oryctolagus Uniculus, Rattus natalensis and Arvicanthis abyssinicus have now been used to attempt to infect young adults of our laboratory strain of white mice. Each group contained 5 animals.Item Haematozoa Found in Wild Members of the o Artiodactyla in East Africa(1966) Vidler, B.O. ; Brocklesby, D.W.; East African Veterinary Research OrganizationDuring the last ten years we have been interested in the haematozoa (blood protozoa) of wild animals: since our stay in Kenya is drawing to a close we feel that we should now mention the various records that have accumulated. Our main concern was to discover whether the parasites were infective for domestic animals and this has been shown to be so in several instances. Most work has been done with the African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman) and this animal was demonstrated to be a reservoir of East Coast Fever (Theileria parva infection).Item The Isolation of “Theileria Lawrencei (Kenya)” from a Wild Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer) and its Serial Passage Through Captive Buffaloes.(1966) Brocklesby, D.W.; Barnett, S.F. ; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, MugugaThe isolation of a parasite referred to as “Theileria lawrencei (Kenya)” by the collection of engorged nymphae of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus from a wild African buffalo is described. The parasite was serially transmitted by ticks through four buffalo calves: one of them died and the others reacted and recovered. The wild buffalo was apparently a healthy carrier of the infection, but the recovered experimental buffaloes did not remain infectious to ticks. The infections in three of the buffaloes were transmissable to cattle.Item The Literature Concerning Theileridae of the African Buffalo (Syncerus Caffer)(1966) Barnett, S.F.; Brocklesby, D.W.The African Buffalo (Syncerus caifer) has for many years been suspected of being implicated in the epizootiology of East Coast Fever (E.C.F.) or a similar disease. Various investigators and field workers in different parts of Africa have made observations but only in South Africa and Kenya has it definitely been proved that the buffalo can act as a reservoir of an East Coast Fever-like disease.Item Metabolic Energy Pathways in Theileria Annulata Sporozoites and Their Significance in Sporozoite-Bovine Lymphocyte Interactions in Vitro(1984/1985) Jura, W.G.Z.O.; Brown, C.G.D.; Brocklesby, D.W.; Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine,The existence of metabolic energy pathways has been studied in extracellular T. annulata sporozoites using chemicals known to inhibit specific energy-generating pathways, and their role during invasion of bovine peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) by thesporozoites determined in an in vitro system. An inverse relationship was depicted between the dose of various chemicals and the number of T. annulata sporozoites invading PBL: as the concentrations of the inhibitor drugs increased, the number of T. annulata sporozoites within the lymphocytes decreased. An ultracytochemical study demonstrated the presence of the respective pathway marker enzymes, i.e., lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cytosol and within mitochondria, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) on the mitochondrial membranes and in the contiguous matrix, and cytochrome oxidase (CO) between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, in infective T. annulata sporozoites fixed in situ within whole salivary glands of 3-day fed Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum ticks.Item A Mild form of East Coast Fever (Theileria Parva Infection) Becoming Virulent on Passage through Cattle(1968) Brocklesby, D.W.; Bailey, K.P.; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, Muguga, P.O. Kabete, KenyaA mild strain of Theileria parva isolated from some unknown wild animal became virulent at the tenth passage in cattle; at the eighteenth passage level it was indistinguishable from the standard laboratory strain.Item Morbidity and Mortality Rates in East Coast Fever (Theileria Parva Infection) and Their Application to Drug Screening Procedures(1961) Brocklesby, D.W.; Barnet, t S.F.; Scott, G. R.The enzootic status of East Coast fever in much of eastern, central and southern Africa makes this infection one of the most important cattle diseases, economically, to the stock owner. The losses are both indirect and direct. The former arise from expensive and repetitive tick control measures and the latter from the high mortality rates in infected cattle. Textbooks cite morbidity rates of 100 per cent and mortality rates exceeding 95 per cent are reported from South America, whereas in East America recoveries are frequent in Zebu cattle in enzootic areas. Protocols, however, have not hitherto been published.Item The Occurrence of Eperythrozoon Wenyoni(1958) Brocklesby, D.W.This note records the occurrence of E. Wenyoni and B. bavis in Kenya for the first time. During attempts to transmit tick-borne fever of cattle blood was collected, into heparin, from 3 cattle showing tick-borne fever bodies in their leucocytes. This blood W.J.S pooled and inoculated subcutaneously into several cattle, including ox No. 2508. No parasites other than tick-borne fever bodies were seen in the limited number of blood smears available from the 3 donor animals.Item Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride in East Coast Fever (Theileria Parva Infection)(British Veterinary Journal, 1962) Brocklesby, D.W.; Bailey, K.P.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research OrganizationTwenty-one cattle of European breeds were infected with T. parva by placing infected Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks on the ears. They were given one of the following treatments: - (A) soluble powder with a sucrose base, containing 25 g. oxytetracycline hydro-chloride [OTC] per pound, dissolved in water and given orally at 15 mg. OTC per kg. body wt. for 28 days following infection; (B) finely-milled corn meal containing 10 g. OTC per Ib. suspended in water and given at the same dosage; (C) intraperitoneal inj. of a solution of OTC in saline, at 10 mg. per kg. on alternate days during incubation and daily during the febrile period; (D) the same i/p inj., daily after the onset of fever; (E) oxytetracycline magnesium complex in propylene glycol, inj. i/v at 10 mg. OTC per kg. daily after the onset of fever. Treatment was maintained until parasites disappeared from the blood or until the animal died. Only one of the 9 cows given treatments A, B and C died. The incubation period was prolonged; it averaged 16.7 days. All were immune to challenge immediately after recovery. Treatments D and E appeared to be ineffective, since 7 of 8 died. There appeared to be a critical period during incubation, after which treatment was ineffective The method recommended to protect valuable stock during an outbreak was oral administration of the soluble powder.Item Some New Host Records for Hepatozoon Species in Kenya.(1963) Brocklesby, D.W.; Brenda, O.V.Sir,-We would like to record the discovery of Hepatozoon species in the lion (Panthem (Leo) leo), the leopard (Pal/them (Panthera) pardus) and the genet cat (Genetta tigrina).
