Browsing by Author "Gikhuki, C.W."
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Item Nitric oxide production in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) Infected with Thypanosoma brucei(1998) Sternberg, J.M. ; Maina, N.N.; Gikhuki, C.W.; Ndungu, J.M.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tilydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB29 2TZ, Scotland, UK, Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya,A retrospective study of nitrate concentration in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) infected with Trypanosoma brucei was undertaken. Serum nitrate was significantly elevated in parasitaemic animals. CSF nitrate detection correlated with the presence of parasites in the CNS, The results provide evidence for the production of nitric oxide (NO) in response to infection in a primate model of human African trypanosomiasis and provide the basis for the use of such a model in studies of the immunopathological effects of NO in human trypanosomiasisItem Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense:auase of an antigen detection enzyme immunoassay for evaluation of response to chemotherapy in infected vervet monkeys (cercopithecus aesthiops)(1994) Gikhuki, C.W.; Nantulya, V.M.; Sayer, P.D.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, KikuyuThirty eight Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense- infected vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) in the late (meningoencephalitic) stage of disease, treated with various trypanocidal drugs, were monitored for a period of more than 600 days to assess the rate of clearance of trypanosome antigens from serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There was a complete but gradual reduction in antigen titres, as assessed by ELISA, in animals treated intravenously with melarsoprol, the standard drug for the late stage disease. In 8 of the 9 monkeys treated with melarsoprol, the antigen titres, as assessed by optical density values, dropped by 50 % within 252 days (mean value 68 days for antigens in CSF and 116 for serum) following treatment. The remaining animal in this group, that displayed persistent antigenaemia, had been treated with a sub-curative drug dosage level. Thus, if time to 50 % reduction in antigen levels were to be taken as an index to predict cure, the follow-up period after melarsoprol treatment could have been reduced from 600 to 252 days for 8 of the 9 animals, leaving only one animal for further follow up. The animals treated with experimental drug combinations displayed a variable picture; Five monkeys showed a persistence of antigens in both serum and CSF throughout the observation period, suggesting failure of the drugs to cure the infection. Parasitologically confirmed relapse of the infection was indeed observed in all the five monkeys. In some monkeys, the parasite antigens eventually cleared from serum and CSF completely, but this took a longer time duration than in the melarsoprol treated animals; others showed persistence of parasite antigens in serum, but the parasites were not detected in blood or CSF throughout the entire follow-up period. These results suggest that the experimental drug combinations used were not effective in clearing the parasites from cryptic foci and hence the persistence of antigens in serum and/or CSF. Antigen ELISA would, thus, appear to be a useful tool for evaluation of response to chemotherapy.
