Browsing by Author "Glover, J."
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Item An Account of the Development of a Small Pottery Factory using only African Workmen(1944) Glover, J.; Goldstucker, L.In 1941 the shortage of containers in E. Africa stimulated the investigation of E. African pottery. The potters of the Amani area were women who practiced their craft according to tribal custom. Their products were unglazed cooking pots. After some difficulty due to tribal customs several women were engaged to demonstrate their work. The method, ~ building process by walking round a stationary form, was found unsuitable for large scale production and as the potters could fit easily adapt themselves to the production of new designs it was decided to train mentoliSe the potters wheel. As none of the Amani staff had any experience of pottery work and as no books on the subject were Available, we were fortunate in having an offer of help from Miss King of Kideleko School U.M.C.A. She in her spare time was able to teach two Mricans to make a simple shape (jam jar) on her own wheel. At the same time Canon Hellier U.M.C.A. kindly lent us his wheel to use and copy. After some 3 weeks training the Africans returned to Amani where they were allowed practice for some months during which the output per man per day rose from some 3 to 50 pieces. This was later greatly increased.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein by Non-Ruminants and Ruminants(1958) Glover, J.; Duthie, D.W.; East African Agriculture and Fore8try Re8earch Organization, Muguga, KenyaThe apparent digestibility of crude protein by the non-ruminants, pigs, horses, rats, man and the rabbit, is shown to be related to the crude protein content of the feed, and the form of the relationship is similar to that for ruminants. With non-ruminants the apparent digestibility of crude protein is markedly depressed by the crude fibre content of the feed, whereas with ruminants the depression is only slight. The relevant equations show that pigs are much more sensitive to crude fibre than horses and rabbits, and both the latter react more markedly to crude fibre than do the ruminants. Despite the apparently significant differences between the equations for the ruminant and nonruminant herbivores, it is shown that over the normal range of crude protein and crude fibre content in feeding stuffs suitable for herbivores, the apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein is similar for all. In other words, despite different abilities to cope with crude fibre, the herbivores as a class digest crude protein in normal feeds to much the same extent. On the other hand, the pig, an omnivore, is shown to be very markedly affected by the crude fibre content of such feeds.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein By The Ruminant(1957) Glover, J.; French, M.H.; Duthie, D.W.; East African Agricultural and Forestry research OrganizationThe general equation, y = 70 log x - 15, connecting the digestibility coefficient, to x, the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of the feed of ruminants, which was proposed in an earlier paper, has been shown to fit all the directly determined world data for cattle, sheep and goats which have been published by Schneider (1947). It is applicable to rations composed of both single and mixed feeds for it is the total percentage of crude protein in the ration which determines its digestibility.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein By The Ruminant(1957) French, M. H.; Glover, J.The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.Item The Apparent Digestibility of the Non-nitrogenous Components of Ruminant Feeds(1960) Glover, J.; Dougall, H. W.The digestibility of the non-protein constituents (almost entirely carbohydrate) of ruminant fodders is shown to be a function of the level of the crude fibre and crude-protein components. The effect of increasing crude fibre in the diet is to depress the digestibility of carbohydrate, irrespective of the level of crude protein associated with it. The effect of crude protein on the digestibility of carbohydrate is only well marked when its concentration in the dry feed lies below some 5 %, that is when the feed is below approximate maintenance levels. Increasing the crude-protein content of the diet from some 2 to about 5 % leads to increased digestibility of carbohydrate, but thereafter in the range of some 6-30 % crude protein the protein effect is very slightly depressing to carbohydrate digestibility and is apparently quite negligible at average crude fibre concentrations to be expected at any given level of crude protein. The implications of the various aspects of this paper are that the variability in digestibility of the non-nitrogenous component of ruminant feeds depends mainly on the respective levels of crude protein and crude fibre in the diet and to a very much lesser extent, if at all, on the species of ruminant or class of feed, be it silage, roughage or even mixture.Item The Apparent Digestibility of the Non-nitrogenous Fraction of Pig Feeds(1962) Dougall, H.W.; Glover, J.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization: Kenya, Grassland Research StationA simple method for the estimation of the digestible non-nitrogenous fraction of normal pig feeds is described. It requires only knowledge of the digestibility coefficient of the crude protein contained in the dry matter of the feed. More accurate estimates can be obtained by applying to this method a simple correction involving only the crude protein content of the dried feed. Attention is drawn to the intimacy of the relationship between the digestibility of the non-nitrogenous and nitrogenous components of the diet.Item Assessing the Reliability of Rainfall if Monthly Falls are not independent(1955) Robinson , P.; Glover, J.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization, Muguga, Kenya; Food ResearchGlover & Robinson (1953) showed that for practical purposes the rainfall at a station in any month of the year can be assumed to be normally distributed, and that the probability of the rainfall being above a certain minimum value (selected with regard to crop requirements) can be calculated accordingly. If the rainfall in anyone month is distributed independently of the rainfall in other months of the year, or season, then the probability of a pattern of rainfall month by month can be calculated by multiplying the several probabilities of the individual months. It was suggested that, in general, this was sufficient; but a method was given for obtaining the probability of a given pattern when association existed between the different months. In this the correlated monthly rainfalls, Xi' were transformed to uncorrelated variables Y . The value of each Y, when all Xi take their minimum values, was calculated and called 'minimum Y'. The probability that each Y would exceed this 'minimum Y' was calculated and the probabilities multiplied.Item The Balance of Nutrition with Particular Reference to the Level of Supply of Nitrogen and Phosphorus(1953) Glover, J.As part of the overall programme of research directed towards an understanding of fertilizer needs of crop plants in East Africa a study of the nutrition of maize in sand culture has been made. The purpose of the work was to study growth and yield in relation to changes in the proportion and concentration of the major nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and if possible to relate the results to the field behaviour of the crop in fertilizer trials conducted by another section of this organization. Simultaneously studies of the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus were also undertaken. These latter are discussed in the second paper of this series.Item Crop Responses to Fertilizers and Manures in East Africa(1953) Keen, B.; Duthie, D.W.; Jones, G.H.G.; Doughty, L.R.; Holme, R.V.; Sherwood, E.G.P.; Glover, J.; Kenya Department of Agriculture; E.A.A.F.R.O.; African Explosives and Chemical Industries, LtdThe papers and discussion summarized in the following pages are the record of a considerable amount of work that has been brought together and examined by a committee of specialists from territorial and interterritorial centres. The members of the committee themselves prepared the 22 papers, which they critically discussed at a two-day meeting held at the Headquarters of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization in February, 1953. In all, 30 attended the conference including, besides the paper-readers and observers, Drr E. M. Crowther, Deputy Director, Rothamsted Experimental Station, and Professor Matthias Stelly of the University of Georgia, U.S.A.Item The Effect of Rainfall and Age on the Yield of Some Unfertilized Fodder Crops in Kenya(1962) Glover, J.; Birch, W.R.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization, Muguga, Kenya; Kenya Department of Agriculture, Grassland Station, MoloFive perennial fodder crops and maize were grown for 11 years or more in unfertilized soil. The effect of rainfall, annual and seasonal, and age from planting was examined in detail. Increased rainfall, whether annual or seasonal, led to increased yields of all crops, although the extent of the increase depended on the type of crop, the nature of the rainy season, whether long or short, and in particular the age of the perennial crops. All the perennials aged at similar rates and ageing led to reduced yields. The depressing effect of age is thought to be due to overcrowding and possibly a concealed loss of fertility.Item The Elephant Problem At Tsavo(1963) Glover, J.The damage caused by the overcrowding of elephant after several years of drought in the Tsavo National Park has prompted the study of the number and distribution of the elephants within its confines and the possibly"safe" carrying capacity.Item The empirical relation between solar radiation and hours of bright sunshine in the high-altitude tropics(1958) Glover, J.; McCulloch, J.S.G.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research OrganizationThe relationship between total solar radiation on a horizontal surface (Q), as measured by a pyranometer, and hours of bright sunshine (n), as measured by a Campbell-Stokes recorder, has been examined and it is shown that there is little practical gain in weighting the hourly sunshine records by the sine of the apparent solar altitudeItem The Empirical Relation between Solar Radiation and Hours of Sunshine(1957) Glover, J.; McCulloch, J.S.G.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organisation, Muguga, KenyaThe variation with latitude of the regression parameters a and b in the conventional equation of Ångström type Q/QA=a+bn/N between total solar radiation on a horizontal surface (Q) and hours of bright sunshine (n) has been examined. It has been shown that the slope of the relationship b is effectively constant, while the threshold value a is a function of latitude. An empirical relationship leading to the Angström equation at each latitude & over the range 0° 60° is derived and is shown to give values in reasonable accord with previous experience. It is Q/QA2.09 cos +0.52 n/N.Item Environment and the Growth of the Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) in Tropical East Africa(1946) Glover, J.; East African Agricultural Research Institute, Amani TanganyikaPotatoes grown at 3,000 and 600 ft. a.s.l. at 5° S. in Tanganyika Territory from Kenya-grown commercial seed of Kerr's Pink can give yields of ware similar to English yields provided that (a) the soils are manured on a scale comparable with that of moderate English practice, and (b) the plants receive enough water throughout life. Given these conditions the supposed depressing effect of short day-length, ranging between 11·7S and 12·35 hrs., and high temperatures, such as mean monthly maximum air-temperatures between 2610 and 2810 C. (80°-83° F.), is of no practical importance. It should be noted that Kerr's Pink is a main crop variety, which matures during the shortening days of the English autumn and is perhaps day-neutral in its response to photoperiodism. The above-mentioned conclusions, therefore, hold good only forItem Environment and the Growth of the Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) In Tropical East Africa(1946) Glover, J.Potatoes grown at 3,000 and 600 ft. a.s.l. at 5° S. in Tanganyika Territory from Kenya-grown commercial seed of Kerr's Pink can give yields of ware similar to English yields frovided that (a) the soils are manured on a scale comparable with that 0 moderate English practice, and (b) the plants receive enough water throughout life. Given these conditions the supposed depressing effect of short day-length, ranging between 11·75 and 12·35 hrs., and high temperatures, such as mean monthly maximum air-temperatures between 26£° and 281° C. (80°-83° F.), is of no practical importance. . It should be noted that Kerr's Pink is a main crop variety, which matures during the shortening days of the English autumn, and is perhaps day-neutral in its response to photoperiodism. The above-mentioned conclusions, therefore, hold good only for this variety, though they may apply to other varieties of similar type. AcknowledgementsItem Environment and the Growth of the Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) in Tropical East Africa(1943) Glover, J.; East African Agricultural Research Institute AmaniThe potato S. Tuberosum, which was possibly introduced into east tropical Africa as a subsidiary food crop for Europeans, is now for many Africans an appreciated source of food and others a cash crop of importance. Though a successful introduction, the yields of tubers have generally been lower than those obtained in temperate zones. Some have suggested that this might be due to the detrimental effect of short daylength and high air and soil temperatures. Moreau [1], in a survey of the climatic background of the commercial potato-growing areas in E. Africa, mainly in the cooler zones above 4,000 ft. on the mountain, masses, concluded that 'given good husbandry, excellent crops of S. Tuberosum can be raised in parts of tropical Mrica, even though air and soil temperatures seem unfavorably high. The short days seem to be of no practical importance.' He stresses, however, that his data are scanty.Item Environment and the Growth of the Potato (Solanum Tuberosum) in Tropical East Africa(1946) Glover, J.; East African Agricultural Research Institute, AmaniTHE potato S. tuberosum, which was possibly introduced into east tropical Africa as a subsidiary food crop for Europeans, is now for many Mricans an appreciated source of food and for others a cash crop of importance. Though a successful introduction, the yields of tubers have generally been lower than those obtained in temperate zones. Some have suggested that this might be due to the detrimental effect of short day length and high air and soil temperatures. Moreau [I], in a survey of the climatic background of the commercial potato-growing areas in E. Africa, mainly in the cooler zones above 4,000 ft~ on the mountain , masses, concluded that 'given good husbandry, excellent crops of S. tuberosum can be raised in parts of tropical Mrica, even though air and soil temperatures seem unfavorably high. The short days seem to be of no practical importance.' He stresses, however, that his data are scanty.Item Light Rainfall and Plant Survival in E. Africa II. Dry Grassland Vegetation(British Ecological Society, 1962) Glover, P.E.; Glover, J.; Gwynne, M.D.; Kenya Veterinary Department; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization; University of Oxford; Kenya Veterinary Department; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization; University of OxfordRain-water penetration of the soil beneath a number of dry grassland communities was examined a few hours after a light shower in Kenya Masailand. It was found that for the particular communities studied, the type of soil present and the amount of rainfall, the depth of rain-water penetration is approximately equal to the height of the plant plus the normal penetration of the shower into the bare soil. The sectional area of the wet soil mass beneath each vegetation clump is also approximately equal to the sectional area of the clump showing above ground plus an area corresponding to the amount which would have fallen there had there been no plant cover. It is considered that in the overgrazed dry grassland parts of Kenya Masailand, stem-flow and rain-water penetration around trees of B. aegyptiaca may now be playing a part in changing the character of the local vegetation. It is also suggested that leaf catchment-stemflow systems may be involved in the maintenance of grassland vegetation patterns noted in other regions by other workers.Item Light Rainfall and Plant Survival: Measurement of Stem Flow Run-Off(1961) Gwynne, M.D.; Glover, J.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organisation, Kikuyu, Kenya.Work on the effects of showers on droughted maize necessitated measurement of water run-off down the main stems. The following two collecting devices have proved simple to construct and reliable in use. They are attached directly to the stem 1–3 in. above the ground-surface after the leaf-bases ensheathing the first internode have been removed, and the stem surface dried.Item A Method for the Continuous Measurement of Transpiration of Single Leaves under Natural Conditions(1941) Amani; Glover, J.AS Maximov (1929) has pointed out, there are three possible methods whereby the rate of transpiration can be measured, the determination of the water vapour transpired being theoretically the most satisfactory; but although many attempts have been made to use this method none has been fully successful.
