Browsing by Author "Greenway, P.J."
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Item A Classification of East African Rangeland, With An Appendix on Terminology(1965) Pratt, D J.; Greenway, P.J.; Gwynne, M.D.; Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: East African Agricultural and Forestry Research OrganizationTwo complementary classification systems recommended by the East African Range Classification Committee are described, to indicate respectively site potential and the present physiognomy and species composition of the vegetation. The first recognizes six broad ecological zones, defined primarily by climate but incorporating vegetation and land-use descriptions, which can be subdivided, as new survey data become available, according to soil and topography, to give more critical ecological land-units. The second Comprises a series of physiognomic vegetation types, recognized by the form of the vegetation and the relative contributions of woody plants and grass, with sub-types defined by species composition and grassland type. Profile diagrams are given.Item Dyeing and Tanning Plants in East Africa(1941) Greenway, P.J.; East African Agricultural Research Institute AmaniThis list, arranged in an alphabetical sequence, is the outcome of a request for information about plants that might be of value as sources of dyes and tannins in East Africa. On consulting the very mixed and limited literature of East African economic botany one is forced to the conclusion that the arts of dyeing and tanning are not now known to the East African native, and there is little evidence that they have been forgotten as a result of European influence. A search in the books written from 1885 onwards by J. Thomson, H. H. Johnson, A. C. Hollis, M. Merker, E. Werth and others is fruitless, and the handbook of the David Livingstone Memorial Museum at Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia, quotes only two dyes under the native names of the trees from which they are derived. This is in contrast with West Africa, where local cloth is, or was, dyed extensively by the natives.Item Dyeing and Tanning Plants in East Africa(1941) Greenway, P.J.; East African Agricultural Research Station, AmaniThis list, arranged in an alphabetical sequence, is the outcome of a request for information about plants that might be of value as sources of dyes and tannins in East Africa. on consulting the very mixed and limited literature of East African economic botany one is forced to the conclusion that the arts of dyeing and tanning are not now known to the East African native, and there is little evidence that they have been forgotten as a result of European influence. A search in the books written from 1885 onwards by J. Thomson, H. H. Johnson, A. C. Hollis, M. Merker, E. Werth and others is fruitless, and the handbook of the David Livingstone Memorial Museum at Livingstone, Northern Rhodesia, quotes only two dyes under the native names of the trees from which they are derived. This is in contrast with West Africa, where local cloth is, or was, dyed extensively by the natives.Item Empire Production of Drugs-Stramonium(1941) Greenway, P.J.The Medical Research Council of Great Britain issued a list of drugs for the guidance of those concerned with the compilation of formularies and those responsible for drug manufacture and distribution. The Council's main object was to examine the lists of the drugs which are imported into Great Britain and to recommend substitutes that can be obtained at home or within the British Empire. The Council also found that important drugs are used for purposes for which they are not essential.Item Gum, Resinous and Mucilaginous Plants in East Africa(1941) Greenway, P.J.This list contains the indigenous plants yielding gums, resins and mucilages, both those of industrial and medical importance and those not yet in commerce. Exotic plants of interest in this connexion that have been established in one or more East African localities are included in brackets.Item Kapok(1938) Greenway, P.J.; East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani.Certain trees in the genus Ceiba (Bom- Terbacaceae) produce fruits containing a mass of fine hairs (floss), which' arise from the wall 'of the capsules and have the seeds buried in their midst. These hairs, which' in nature assist in the distribution of the seeds, are known commercially as "Kapok" or "Silk. Cotton and are used for stuffing cushions, pillows, mattresses and similar articles. The hairs are cylindrical, form 6 to 1.2 inches long, formed of cells full of air, impermeable to moisture and extremely buoyant. For this reason a second important use for kapok is in the manufacture of buoys, life-belts and lifesaving jackets. Kapok textiles are not strong and yarns made from it are not able to with stand strains: owing to their non –conducting character they might however, be employed as an interlining in warm clothingItem Khat(1947) Greenway, P.J.; AmaniKhat, Cafta, Quat or Qat, Arabian, Abyssinian or African Tea, is a stimulant narcotic whose leaves are used in a fresh state as a masticatory, or after drying are infused and drunk like tea. The earliest known reference to Khat is thatcontained in an Arabic manuscript written by Abd al Kadir in 1587 and preserved in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris [1], in which it is stated that in about 1454, a mufti of Aden, Sheik Gemaleddin Abou Muhammad Bensaid, introduced coffee drinking into Aden from Ethiopia and that lawyers, students, and artisans, as well as those who worked or travelled by night, took to drinking coffee in place of another drink which was then becoming popular, and which was made from the leaves of a plant called Khat or Qat.Item Khat(1947) Greenway, P.J.; E.A.A. Research InstituteKhat, Cafta, Quat or Qat, Arabian or African Tea, is a stimulant narcotic whose leaves are used in a fresh state as a masticatory, or after drying are infused and drunk like tea.Item Khat(1947) Greenway, P.J.; East African Agricultural Research InstituteKhat, Cafta, Quat or Qat, Arabian, Abyssinian or African Tea, is a stimulant narcotic whose leaves are used in a fresh state as a masticatory, or after drying are infused and drunk like tea.Item Mahogany in East Africa I - The Khayas(1947) Greenway, P.J.According to the shorter oxford English Dictionary the name mahogany written ''Mohogeney" in 1671, is of unknown origin and sis applied to adark coloured wood used for furniture. The mahogany is derived from members of the genus Swietenia of which there are five species S. mahogany, Spanish mahogany , a native of the West Indies, S.Macrophylla, Honduras mahogany found in Central America; S. candollei, Venezuelan mahogany , S. humilis Mexican mahogany , and S. krukovi from Brazil. Thes are members of the Meliacae and from two of them, S.mahogany and S. Macropylla, was obtained, the mahogany timber so popular in the Victorian era for furniture and carbinet-making.Item Mundulea Fish Poison(1936) Greenway, P.J.; Contribution from the East African Agricultural Research StationAttention has recently been drawn by Worsley to the insecticidal possibilities of Mundulea sericea (Willd.) Green way, comb. nov. The following is an account of its botany, ecology, distribution and recorded uses as a poison.Item Origins of Some East African Food Plants(1945) Greenway, P.J.; AmaniSPICES AND CONDIMENTS--Contd. making sugar was unknown in Zanzibar as late SUGAR-CANE, Saccharum officinarum L., Mua as 1811. In areas where it can be grown sugar). Research shows that this cultigen* cane is one of the African's crops; he does not has at least four different species in its make-grow it for sugar-making, but for sugar wine, up and that it originated in different parts of and it is also chewed to a certain extent, the world. The species involved are Saccharum especially when travelling. officinarum, applied to the thick tropical canes TURMERIC, Curcuma longa L. Man jano. By and believed to have originated in Polynesia, some this plant is thought to be a native of S. barberi Jesw., thin or reed canes found in India, but the finest qualities are to be found Northern India, S. sinense Roxb., a thin cane in China or Cochin-China. Opinion is divided from Canton and including a group of North as to when this was introduced into East Indian canes, and S. spontaneum L., the wild Africa, one authority saying the eighth cane, races of which extend from North century, another between AD 1000 and 1400 Africa as far south as the western shores of during the Persian colonization of East Africa; Lake Nyasa, although it is by no means com-Ibn Batuta in 1330 records the use of a green mon in East Africa. It also extends through ginger with rice in Mogadishu which is India to the Far East. thought to have been turmeric. In Uganda it Sugar as well as sugar-cane had been seen was introduced as a ration for Indian troops by the soldiers of Alexander the Great on their in the early days of the Protectorate. The invasion of the Punjab in 326 BC, and one cultivation of turmeric in East Africa is by no of Alexander's officers, Nearchus (c. 300 BC), means common. It is used as a colouring agent the Greek author, Eratosthenes (c. 276-194 BC) in curries and as a condiment. and Theophrastus wrote of honey produced from reeds. It was Dioscorides who described BEVERAGE PLANTS it as honey called sakkharon collected from BAMBOO, Oxytenanthera braunii Pilger. This reeds in India and Arabia Felix, with the con-bamboo is indigenous to Southern Tanganyika sistency of salt which could be crunched be-and was recorded from Ubena, where it is tween the teeth. At the beginning of the Christ-cultivated and is tapped for a bamboo wine. It in era, sugar became a trade article in Alex-has also been recorded from Songea in Tangaandria, but the cane only followed it after an nyika, and is planted in parts of Northern interval of more than five hundred years. Nyasaland. Historical records indicate that it was in culti-CACAO, COCAO, Theobroma cacao L. A numvation at Gundesapur in Persia, and after the ber of species are involved in the cacao which conquest of the Sasanians by the Arabs they are in cultivation to-day and they are distritook it, in AD 641, to Egypt; by then the buted between Central and South America Arabs. had very thoroughly adopted the crop, and in the Antilles, where they had long been and in their rapid advance through the Medi-grown before the discovery of America. The terranean they took it to Spain about AD 714, conqueror of Mexico, Cortes (1485-1547), and Sicily in AD 827. In Spain the Moorish sugar his soldiers first met with it on their landing industry did so well that by AD 1150 there in 1519 in Mexico, where it was not only were 75,000 acres under cultivation, highly appreciated by the Indians as a never-About AD 1500 the Portuguese established age but used also as a form of coinage. It was the sugar-cane in Madeira, the Canaries, the not until the end of the sixteenth century that Azores, and down the west coast of Africa …Item Origins of Some East African Food Plants(1944) Greenway, P.J.; AMANIIn a recent issue of a local journal an author was puzzled because Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese explorer, when he anchored in April, 1449, off the north-east Tanganyika coast in view of the Serras de San Rafael, was provided by some Mohammedans with a supply of oranges. The author had thought that the Portuguese introduced the orange to East Africa. As this view is incorrect and some 0f us" may know little of the derivation of many of the food plants grown 1n East Africa I thought it might be of interest if an account was given of their origins.Item The Papaw or Papaya(1948) Greenway, P.J.; AMANIThe genus Carica, to which the papaw or papaya C. papaya L. belongs, contains some twenty-two species, all of which are found in the warmer parts of America. Originally it was included by botanists in the families Passifloracere and Cucurbitacere, but it was transferred by the German botanist, H. Graf zu Solms, to the family Caricacere; he founded the family name on that of the generic name Carica. Besides Carica the family contains the genera Jaracatia found in America, and Cylicomorpha in Africa.Item Second Draft Report on Vegetation Classification for the Approval of the Vegetation Classification Pasture Research Conference.(1940) Greenway, P.J.; East African Agricultural Research Station, AmaniWe have taken the view that in framing our own proposals we ought, as far as possible, to build upon the foundations already laid down by others who have faced the general problems of classification and short description of vegetation types. At the same time, we have scrutinized nomenclature and have not recommended any term for East African use if it is doubtfully applicable to our region, or if, though commonly used in one territory, it is liable to be unintelligible in another. Thus, we have avoided the use of East African vernaculars words, and have abandoned some commonly used imported ones (such as "savannah" and "veld") because of doubt whether they 'are correctly used out of their proper setting of our region is entirely within the tropics, and we have therefore dropped the adjectives "tropical", "subtropical and "temperature of our other departures from usage that has become common, though not standard, some are to avoid tautology, as our omission of "evergreen" from the terms for rain-forests, all of which are in the accepted sense evergreen; others are for the sake of not being too definite, as when the generic name Acacia is misleadingly used in terms covering associations from some of which acacias may be absent; and still others are made in order to adhere to the common meaning of words, as when we use "upland" instead of "mountain" or "montane• in some connections, many of our highland areas being uplands rather than mountains as ordinarily understood. We have not managed to avoid all inconsistencies, but we hope on balance to have made improvementItem A Use 'For Saponins and Some Possible Local Sources(1942) Greenway, P.J.; systematic Botanist, East African Agricultural Research Station, AmaniOn the other hand, Grewia Forbesii Harv., Pretrea zanguebarica J. Gay, the Simsims, Sesamum angolensis Welw., S. angusti/olium Eng!. and S. orientale L., used as soap substitutes, have none of them been recorded as containing saponins although they are mucilaginous. It may therefore be useless to investigate these as possible sources of commercial saponin for fire extinguishers.Item A use for Saponins and some possible Local Sources(1942) Greenway, P.J.; AmaniTo extinguish a fire the normal method is to pour water on to the flames, but in great conflagrations of oil or spirits this is quite useless as they float on the surface of the water and continue to burn. With the increasing use of oil products throughout the world it has become necessary to evolve special methods of fire extinction. It is possible to extinguish burning petrol in a tank by applying small quantities of water in a finely atomised condition on the burning surface; the water forms a thin screen for the exclusion of air, an effect accentuated by the formation of steam. Another method of extinguishing burning petrol, and more especially fuel oil, is by bombarding the burning surface with water under pressure in a finely divided state, the particles of water in contact with the burning material forming a temporary but incombustible emulsion.Item Vegetable Fibers and Flosses in East Africa(1950) Greenway, P.J.A descriptive list has been prepared which contains the names of some 250 indigenous and exotic plants in East Africa which are of commercial value or of some use to the natives as fibre or flosses.Item The vegetation and flora on mount kilimanjaro(1965) Greenway, P.J.On the foot-slopes of the mountain from whichever direction a traveller approaches Kilimanjaro the roads pass through vegetation types composed of Grassland, Scattered-tree Grassland, Woodland and open to closed Bushland. In the southwestern, south and south-eastern sector of these foot-slopes the road crosses deepriver gorges which are filled with riverine forest.Item The Vegetation of Lake Manyara National Park(1949) Greenway, P.J.; Vesey-Fitzgerald, D.F.; East African HerbariumThe foregoing account of the vegetation of Lake Manyara National Park emphasizes several valuable principles. In the first place it stresses the importance of drainage and the stage in the erosion cycle in determining the distribution of the existing plant formations. It is also explained that the various vegetation types described are in a dynamic state, and some of the causes for this condition are noted. From this it becomes clear that the several forces in operation vary in intensity under differing circumstances. Some may be classed as controlling forces and others as modifying ones. This assessment of dynamic ecology enables the vegetation itself to be classified in relation to the environment. And this classification allows meaningful conclusions to be drawn in several ways
