Browsing by Author "Kanyari, P.W.N."
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Item Characterisation of Theileria parva isolates from Kiambu district, Kenya(2004) Matete, G.O.; Kanyari, P.W.N.; Ngatia,T.A.; Kariuki, D.P.; Ndungu, S.; University of Nairobi National Veterinary Research Centre Muguga P.O Box 32 KikuyuFour Theileria parva isolates from Muguga area of Kiambu district, Kenya, were used to establish schizont-infected cell lines. Their protein antigenswere then separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gelelectrophoresis (SDS page). The isolates were subsequently subjected to protein analysis and characterization by the western immunoblotting technique. Probing for the polymorphic immunodominant molecule (PIM) was done using monoclonal antibody no. 4. SDS page detected up to 20 protein antigens of molecular mass 35,000-180,OOODa. The western blot analysis revealed a greater heterogeneity in the molecular mass (Mr) of PIM than previously thought. The Mr of PIM varied between 80 and 90 kDa. The isolates further revealed different densities of surface epitopes with variable reaction to the monoclonal antibody. The implications of these findings to the epidemiology of east coast fever and immunisation programmes are discussed.Item Characteristics of the smallholder free-range pig production system in western Kenya(2010) Kagira, J. M.; Kanyari, P.W.N.; Maingi, N.; Githigia, S.M.; Nganga, J.C.; Karuga, J.W.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Trypanosomiasis Research Centre-KARI, P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Kabete via, Nairobi, KenyaFree-range pig fanning is common amongst the small-scale fanners in western Kenya. In order to determine the characteristics of this type of production system, a cross-sectional questionnaire survey on farm characteristics and management was collected from 182 fanners in Busia District. The mean farm size was one acre, while the mean number of pigs per farm was 3.6. Pigs were mainly kept as a source of income (98%) and majority were of cross breed variety (64%). The production systems included farrow to weaner (12%), porker to finisher (36%), and mixed (46%). Sixty five percent (65%) of the pigs were tethered and housing was not provided in 61% of the farms. Most of the feeds were sourced locally. Lack of castration and delayed weaning of pigs was observed on 49% and 30% of the farms, respectively. The main production constraints included pig diseases (81 %) and high cost or lack of feed (81 %). Haematopinus Sui infestations and won infections were considered to be the most important diseases by 71 % and 55% of the fanners, respectively. Fanners had moderate knowledge on parasitic disease diagnosis with 31 % and 62% not having a history of either deworming or spraying pigs with acaricides, respectively. Marketing constraints were common amongst the fanners and included poor prices and inadequate market information. In conclusion, the production system was characterized as low-input with an income objective. Future research and development approaches should focus on the integration of free range fanners into the country's market chains through access to extension services.Item Questionnaire survey on urban and peri-urban livestock farming practices and disease control in Kisumu municipality, Kenya(2010) Kagira, J.M.; Kanyari, P.W.N.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya.To characterise the urban livestock keeping practices and constraints in Kisumu municipality, Kenya, a questionnaire survey was carried out. Thirty four contact farmers were interviewed on general farm characteristics and production constraints. The farming activities were categorised as either livestock only (41 %), or mixed crops and livestock (59 %). The surveyed farmers kept mainly cattle (100 %), chickens (82 %) and goats (74 %). Most (94 %) of the farmers had kept livestock for prolonged periods mainly for income generation (97 %) and domestic consumption (59 %). These data show that livestock keeping was popular and could be harnessed to increase food security, although the farmers kept mainly low-producing indigenous cattle (98 %) which were grazed on un- utilised land. The main production constraints mentioned by farmers included diseases (100 %), poor fertility (68 %) and lack of feed (56 %). The diseases varied with species of ruminants and included lumpy skin disease (71 %), diarrhoea (65 %) and helminthosis (62 %). The source of advice on management and treatment of the livestock was almost equally from private and government veterinary personnel. To improve livestock productivity, it is recommended that key stakeholders address the constraints mentioned in this study and in particular that the occurrence of diseases should be investigated with a view to developing sustainable control strategies.Item The role of veterinary and medical personnel in the control of zoonoses in urban settlements on the shores of Lake Victoria, Kenya(2010) Kagira, J.M.; Kanyari, P.W.N.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Institute of Prime Research,-Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, University of Nairobi Faculty Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary, Microbiology and ParasitologyRapid urbanization and livestock keeping in urban and peri urban areas especially in the developing countries pose great challenges to the management of human and animal health. The role played by relevant stakeholders in the control of zoonoses in urban areas has not been well evaluated. A questionnaire survey was undertaken in Kisumu municipality, Kenya, to assess the common zoonoses encountered, their management and role played by veterinary and medical personnel in zoonoses control. Fifteen veterinary and nine medical personnel participated in the study. The main zoonoses encountered by the personnel included rabies, brucellosis, hydatidosis, cysticercosis and toxoplasmosis. A significantly (pItem Seroprevalence of Cysticercus cellulosae and associated risk factors in free-range pigs in Kenya(Cambridge University Press, 2010) Kagira, J.M.; Maingi, N.; Kanyari, P.W.N.; Githigia, S.M.; Gachohi, J.M; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Trypanosomiasis Research Centre-KARI, PO Box 362, 00625Kikuyu, Kenya, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, PO Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya, Trypanosomiasis Research Centre-KARI, PO Box 362, 00625Kikuyu, Kenya International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Old Naivasha Rd, Kabete, PO Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, KenyaPorcine cysticercosis is an emerging zoonosis with public health and economic importance. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the disease in free-range pigs on 182 smallholder farms in Busia District, Kenya. The survey households were selected using a snowballing technique. Serum samples were obtained from 284 pigs of all ages at farm level and 37 pigs from slaughter slabs in the study area. The samples were analysed for the presence of cyst cercus antigen using an antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A structured questionnaire was administered to determine the risk factors for porcine cysticercosis on the study farms. At pig level, the total number of pigs testing positive were 11, resulting in a seroprevalence of 4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9-6.2%), while the farms with a positive pig were 9% (95% CI: 3.9-14.1%). All pigs examined in the slaughter slab survey were seronegative. The distribution of possible risk factors for porcine cysticercosis that were observed at farm level was as follows: free-range pig keeping (100'Yo), history of human taeniosis infection in a family (51 %), slaughtering of pigs at home (20%), lack of meat inspection (15%) and absence of latrines (15%). The only significant cl = 4.4, P = 0.034, odds ratio (OR) = 3.8) risk factor associated with the occurrence of cysticercosis was lack of latrines at household level. The study shows that porcine cysticercosis is prevalent in free-range pigs in Busia District, Kenya and thus control measures need to be instituted.
