Browsing by Author "Kyule, M.N."
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Item The potential role played by various livestock intermediate hosts in the transmission of hydatidosis in Kenya(2004) Ndirangu, P.N.; Njeruh, F.M.; Gathura, P.B.; Kyule, M.N.A study was conducted to determine the potential role played by cattle, sheep, goats and pigs in the transmission of hydatidosis in Kenya. The fertility and viability status of the hydatid cysts collected from these livestock intermediate hosts, at slaughter, were used in this evaluation. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in Nairobi\'s Dagoretti slaughterhouse and Ndumbu-ini, pig abattoir during routine post-mortem meat inspection. All hydatid cysts detected in cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were collected for laboratory analysis to determined by microscopic examination of harvested hydatid cysts fluid for the presence of protoscolices using the 0.1% Eosin Exclusion Test. Out of the 300carcasses of sheep, goats, and pigs examined, 7%, 8% and 5% harbored the cysts, respectively. Hydatid cysts from goats showed the highest fertility (87.5%), followed by those from cattle (81.4%), pigs (80%) and sheep (57.4%). Hydatid cysts from sheep showed the highest viability (100%), followed by those from goats with 85.7%, cattle with 68.6% and pigs 50%. Sheep and goats are the animals most commonly slaughtered for parties and other festivities where meat inspection is hardly carried out. Due to this as well as the high rates of fertility and viability showed by their cysts, sheep and goats may play a greatest role since all of the fertile hydatid cysts from this species were viable. These results indicate that in any hydatid disease control programme, sheep, goats, should be the livestock species included, if satisfactory control Hydatidosis is to be achieved in Kenya. This is because, only fertile and viable hydatid cysts are capable of transmitting hydatidosis to definitive hosts.Item Risk Factors for Dairy Cow Mastitis in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia(Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2014) Mungube E.O.; Tenhagen, B.A.; Kassa, T.; Regassa, F.; Kyule, M.N.; Greiner, M.; Baumann, M.P.O.This study, with the objective of assessing the effect of risk factors on dairy cow mastitis in the central highlands of Ethiopia, was undertaken between February and September 2001 in the urban and peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A prevalence study and questionnaire survey were carried out simultaneously. Clinical examination of lactating udders and California mastitis test (CMT) determined clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. Risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis were identified from data on animals and farm management by chi-square analysis and subsequent logistic regression. Cows aged at least 8 years, with poor body condition, with at least 8 parities and in at least the eighth month of lactation had a significantly higher risk for subclinical mastitis (p<0.05). The risk was reduced for cows up to their third parity in good body condition and for cows receiving dry cow therapy. Cows aged at least 4 years, or with at least 8 parities, cows in at least the fourth month of lactation, cows with poor body condition, leaking milk or previous udder infections had a significantly higher risk of clinical mastitis (p<0.05). The risk was reduced by the use of separate towels for udder cleaning and by drying off at the end of lactation. Most of the risk factors were in agreement with previous reports. However, stage of lactation and drying-off style were in contrast to others. Further research is needed to identify the interrelationship between production level, specific pathogens and management risk factors.Item Risk Factors for Dairy Cow Mastitis in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia(2004) Mungube E.O.; Tenhagen B.-A.; Kassa T.; Regassa, F.; Kyule, M.N.; Greiner, M.; Baumann, M.P.O.This study, with the objective of assessing the effect of risk factors on dairy cow mastitis in the central highlands of Ethiopia, was undertaken between February and September 2001 in the urban and peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A prevalence study and questionnaire survey were carried out simultaneously. Clinical examination of lactating udders and California mastitis test (CMT) determined clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. Risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis were identified from data on animals and farm management by chi-square analysis and subsequent logistic regression. Cows aged at least 8 years, with poor body condition, with at least 8 parities and in at least the eighth month of lactation had a significantly higher risk for subclinical mastitis (p<0.05). The risk was reduced for cows up to their third parity in good body condition and for cows receiving dry cow therapy. Cows aged at least 4 years, or with at least 8 parities, cows in at least the fourth month of lactation, cows with poor body condition, leaking milk or previous udder infections had a significantly higher risk of clinical mastitis (p<0.05). The risk was reduced by the use of separate towels for udder cleaning and by drying off at the end of lactation. Most of the risk factors were in agreement with previous reports. However, stage of lactation and drying-off style were in contrast to others. Further research is needed to identify the interrelationship between production level, specific pathogens and management risk factors.Item Survival analysis techniques in the study of the development and survival of Haemonchus Contortus L3 larvae on pasture in Kenya(1966) Wanyangu, S.W.; Sakwa, D.P.; Kyule, M.N.; Bain, R.K.; Mugambi, J.M.; Muthee,S.; KARI (National Veterinary Research Centre Muguga Kenya P.o Box 32 Kikuyu)Life tables and survival analyses with covariates were used to assess the development and survival of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae 13 on pasture composed of mixed grasses. Thirty nine plots, each measuring 2 m2, were subdivided into 144 sub-plots, each measuring 10 cm.2 three randomly selected plots were every month uniformly contaminated with sheep faeces containing 2 x 106 H. contortus eggs. Every week after contamination, grass and faecal material from three randomly preselected sub-plots were collected and analysed for larval recovery. Life table analyses showed that 50% of the total L3 that developed from contaminated sheep faeces were recovered from pasture within two to eight weeks. Ninety percent recovery occurred within 6-20 weeks post-seeding. Comparisons of survival curves of from plots seeded at different times of the year revealed significant (P:::: 0.01) differences which were shown by trend tests to be seasonally related. An Accelerated Failure Time Model (AFTM) assessed the effect of the major meteorological factors (covariates) on survival of L30n pasture. Sunshine had the greatest influence on survival (=- 0.1123) followed by temperature (6 = 0.(839), relative humidity (B =-0.(29) and rainfall (B=O.0013). Sunshine and relative humidity had an adverse effect on survival whereas rainfall and temperature enhanced it. Using these techniques intervention points for strategic anthelmintic control for haemonchosis identified the end of December (beginning of the hot dry period) and July (beginning of the cold dry period) as the most suitable times to administer anthelmintic. Tactical treatments could be carried out during the rainy periods.
