Browsing by Author "Lutta, H.O."
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Item Safety and Efficacy of a Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Inactivated Vaccine Formulated With Different Adjuvants(Harrison Osundwa Lutta, 2013) Lutta, H.O.Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a respiratory disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides Small Colony (MmmSC) and is mainly controlled by quarantine and vaccination using live MmmSC T1/44 and T1-SR strains. These vaccines while requiring cold chain for delivery, only provide protection for short durations, are unstable after reconstitution and are associated with post-vaccinal site reactions. This study assessed the safety, and protection threshold of an inactivated T1/44 MmmSC vaccine formulated in different adjuvants. Cattle were randomly assigned into 7 groups of 10 animals and the experimental group vaccinated with different inactivated formulations. Animals in the negative control group were vaccinated with either adjuvant alone or Phosphate Buffered Saline, while the positive control group received the current live attenuated T1/44 vaccine. Twenty additional cattle were intubated and served as pathogen donors during the challenge experiment. After vaccination, no animal recorded fever, while the number of animals with swellings at the vaccination site were significantly higher (P<0.001) in the groups vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine formulations compared to the positive control group (T1/44 vaccine). Sero-conversion rates following vaccination were higher in groups that received the inactivated vaccine (KE2 and KE6). After challenge, a significant proportion of animals which received the inactivated vaccine formulations, developed fever and gross pathological lesions characteristic of CBPP, this compared to the live attenuated vaccine. Overall, the protection rate for animals which received the live attenuated T1/44 vaccine was higher. The results demonstrated that inactivated vaccine formulations although safe, did not provide protection levels similar to the current live attenuated T1/44 vaccine. There is need to explore alternative vaccine formulations and booster immunization regimes.Item Seroprevalence of Peste des Petits Ruminants and Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia Coinfections in Goats in Kwale County, Kenya(Hindawi, 2023-07-14) Lugonzo, G.; Gitao, G.; Bebora, L.; Lutta, H.O.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ; University of NairobiGoats are among the most important small ruminants afected by Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) diseases, two of the most signifcant constraints worldwide to the production of small ruminant species. Herein, the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and the latex agglutination test (LAT) were used to determine the coinfections of PPR and CCPP in goats in Kwale County on Kenya’s South Coast. A total of 368 serum samples were collected from goats of various ages and sexes exhibiting respiratory distress in the four subcounties of Kwale County (Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni) and screened for PPR and CCPP antibodies. Of the 368 goats sampled, 259 (70.4%) were females and 109 (29.6%) were males, and 126 (34.2%), 71 (19.3%), 108 (29.3%), and 63 (17.1%) samples were collected from Kinango, Matuga, Lunga Lunga, and Msambweni, respectively. Te overall PPR seropositivity rate was 48.6% (179/368); rates in Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni were 70.6%, 29.6%, 49.3%, and 36.5%, respectively. Te overall CCPP se-ropositivity rate was 45.4% (167/368), while rates in Kinango, Lunga Lunga, Matuga, and Msambweni were 51.6%, 49.1%, 36.6%, and 36.5%, respectively. Notably, the seropositivity of PPR was higher in male (53.3%) than in female (46.72%) goats, though not statistically signifcant. In addition, the CCPP seropositivity rates were not signifcantly diferent between male (44.0%) and female (45.9%) goats. Regarding age, the PPR seropositivity rates were 45.9%, 55.8%, and 52.3% in adults, kids, and weaners, respectively. For CCPP, the seropositivity rates were 48.3%, 40.4%, and 42.3% in adults, kids, and weaners, respectively. Te coinfection rate of PPR and CCPP was 22.3% (82/368). Despite the high coinfection, univariate analysis revealed no relationship between PPR and CCPP infections. However, given the high PPR and CCPP infection rates, as a result of separate or coinfection, there is a need to upscale or intensify vaccination in the county.
