Browsing by Author "Maina, W.N.N."
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Item The activity of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics against Trypanosoma Brucei(1998) Maina, W.N.N.; Kinyanjui, B.; Onyango, D.J.; Auma, E.J.; Croft, C.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya,; Overseas Development Administration Technical Co-operation through British Council and Kenya GovernmentThe trypanocidal activity of four aminoglycosides was determined against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro. The drug activity in descending order, was as follows; paromomycin kanamycin>gentamycin > neomycin. Paromomycin bad the highest activity and the concentration that inhibited 50% of trypanosome growth (IC50) was 11.4microM. The effect of paromomycin on the causative agents of the East African form of sleeping sickness - T.b. rhodesiense KETRI 265, 2285, 2545, 2562 and EATRO 110,112, 1152 was subsequently assessed. Variations sensitivities between the trypanosome populations were observed and IC50 values ranging from 13.01 to 43.06 microM recorded. However, when paromomycin was administered intraperitoneally (i.p) at 500 mg/kg, it was not effective in curing mice infected with T. b. rhodesienseKETRI 2545 the most drug-sensitive isolate in vitro. Lack of in vivo activity may be because the trypanosome is an extracellular parasite. The pharmacokinetics of paromomycin in the mouse model need to be determined.Item Epidemiology of Drug Resistant Trypanosoma Evansi Isolates From Camels in Kenya(1996) Maina, W.N.N.; Otieno, C.; Wesongah, J.O.; Auma, J.E.; Nyang'oa, J.M.N.; Olaho-Mukami, W.; Sutherland, D.V.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Kikuyu, KenyaThe sensitivity patterns of 22 Trypanosoma evansi isolates collected from camel herds in four districts of Kenya to melarsomine, suramin and trypacide were assessed in vitro. Trypanosome metabolism was determined by direct counting method and measurement of pyruvate levels. Eighteen isolates (85.5%) were sensitive to melarsomine with IC.o values in the range 3-35 ng/ml, while three isolates (14.5%) showed reduced sensitivity to melarsomine (lC.o 50-500 ng/ml). Resistance to trypacide was observed in twelve Isolates (58%) at 500 ng/ml, while eight isolates (38%) were resistant to suramin at 10 I1g/ml. Only six isolates (29%) were resistant to both trypacide and suramin. The isolates from Isiolo were all resistant to trypacide, while two (50%), one (25%) and one (20%) isolates from Tana River, Marbasit and Laikipia, respectively, were resistant at 500 ng/m/. All the isolates from Laikipia were sensitive to suramin (IC.o 0.06 - 3 I1g/ml) while five (63%), two (50%) and one (25%) isolates collected from Isiolo, Tana River and Marsabit, respectively were resistant at 10 1l9/ml. Similar sensitivity patterns were revealed by the pyruvate method and direct counting method. However, the pyruvate method was more reproducible, and capable of screening large number of samples.Item Epidemiology of Drug Resistant Trypanosoma Evansi Isolates from Camels in Kenya(1990) Maina, W.N.N.; Otieno, C.; Wesongah, J.O; Ngatia, P.N.; Auma, J.E.; Onyango, J.M.N.; Olaho-Mukami, W.; Sutherland, D.V.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Kikuyu, KenyaThe sensitivity patterns of 22 Trypanosoma evansi isolates collected from camel herds in four districts of Kenya to melarsomine, suramin and trypacide were assessed in vitro. Trypanosome metabolism was determined by direct counting method and measurement of pyruvate levels. Eighteen isolates (85.5%) were sensitive to melarsomine with IC.o values in the range 3-35 ng/ml, while three isolates (14.5%) showed reduced sensitivity to melarsomine (IC.o 50-500 ng/ml). Resistance to trypacide was observed in twelve isolates (58%) at 500 ng/ml. while eight isolates (38%) were resistant to suramin at 10 119/ml. Only six isolates (29%) were resistant to both trypacide and suramin. The isolates from Isiolo were all resistant to trypacide, while two (50%), one (25%) and one (20%) isolates from Tana River, Marbasit and Laikipia, respectively, were resistant at 500 ng/ml. All the isolates from Laikipia were sensitive to suramin (IC.o 0.06 - 3 fAg/ml) while five (63%), two (50%) and one (25%) isolates collected from Isiolo, Tana River and Marsabit, respectively were resistant at 10 119/ml. Similar sensitivity patterns were revealed by the pyruvate method and direct counting method. However, the pyruvate method was more reproducible, and capable of screening large number of samples.
