Browsing by Author "Mosi, R.O."
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Item Carcass Characteristics of Indigenous Chicken Fed on Diets Containing German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) Meal in Kenya(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2023-09-11) Ngaira, V.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Mosi, R.O.; Wambui, C.C.; Alaru, P.A.O.; Ochieng, V.O.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; Maseno UniversityEdible insects are available for use in insect-based-feed, however there is limited information on carcass characteristics and sensory tests of chicken fed on German cockroaches (Blattela germanica). This study assessed the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with varying levels of processed B. germanica meal (BGM). Seventy-two grower chicken of eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females, were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four treatments were replicated three times and fed ad lib on different diets for period of fifty-six days. The treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised of-diet TA (3.5% FM, 0.5% PBGM), TB (2.5% FM, 1.5% PBGM), TC (2% FM, 2% PBGM), and TD (4% FM, 0% FM). Four birds per treatment were sacrificed on day 112. The birds were slaughtered, dressed, and dissected into prime cuts (thighs, drumstick, breast, wings) that were weighed and expressed as a percentage of live birds. Samples of breast were cooked and served to a panellist for an organoleptic test. Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance for a CRD where samples were treatments while panellists were replicates in SPSS. Weights of plucked bird, dressed bird, thighs, drumstick, and wings of chicken fed on TA, TB, and TC was not significantly different from those feds on the control diet (TD). Similarly, the average percentage of the dressed carcass (65%) and other prime cuts was not different from the control. The flavour, smell, taste, colour, and overall acceptability of breast samples were not significantly different, with a mean score of 4.0 rated as good. The study revealed that replacing up to 50% of fishmeal with BGM does not affect meat quality, meat sensory attributes, and consumers’ acceptability thus actors in the chicken value chain should embrace use of German cockroaches as a protein feedstuff.Item Effects of Organic Substrates on Development and Survival of Blattella germanica for Food and Feed in Kenya(Science Research Publishing, 2022) Ngaira, V.M.; Mosi, R.O.; Wambui, C.C.; Wayua, F.O.; Wachira, A.M.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Maseno University ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationEntomophagy has gained popularity as a novel approach to addressing food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Cockroaches, for example, have the potential to alleviate nutritional deficiencies, as well as the erratic supply of protein in feeds. They can also be reared on locally available organic substrates. This study investigated growth performance and survival of german cockroach (Blattella germanica) reared on locally available organic matter substrates as treatments; spent brewers’ grain (Treatment A), Treatment B consisting of (40%: wheat bran: 40% spent brewers’ grain: 20% Caridina nilotica), wheat bran (Treatment C), and C. nilotica (Treatment D) and in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times, while in each replicate 20 - 30 nymphs were reared for forty-two days. Feed intake for all the treatments was not significantly different. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in mature weight, average daily weight gain, live weight, and survival during rearing period. Cockroach performed well on treatment B and recorded highest mature weight, overall performance index, survival was 90.25 mg, 197.35, 96%. The least perfomance was reported in Treatment C; 1.78, 83, 143.17 and 72.5 for average growth rate, survival, overall perfomance and mature weight respectively. B. Based on these findings, a single feed as used in this study was inferior to the composite (Treatment B) in all parameters of growth performance and survival. The composite diet (Treatment B) could be suitable substrate for mass production of B. germanica for feed and food.Item Entomophagus Response of Indigenous Chicken to Diets Enriched with German Cockroach (Blattela germanica) Meal in Kenya(East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2023-05-16) Ngaira, V.M.; Wambui, C.C.; Mosi, R.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Wachira, A.M.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation – Naivasha & Kakamega ; Maseno UniversityFeeding accounts for 65-70% of cost production in a chicken enterprise. Fishmeal has primarily been used as a source of protein in chicken feed owing to its excellent nutritional value. However, due to its unstable supply and variation in quality, recent studies have focused on finding alternative protein feedstuff, such as edible insects. A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of substituting fishmeal (FM) with Blattela germanica meal (BGM) on the growth of chicks. Seventy-two KALRO improved indigenous chickens (KC), at the grower stage, eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD) feeding trial. Each of the four treatments was replicated three times. Birds were fed on dietary treatments that were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised-treatments TA (87.5% FM, 12.5% BGM), TB (62.5% FM, 37.5% BGM), and TC (50% FM, 50% BGM) TD (100% FM, 0% FM)-Control. Data on daily feed intake and weekly live weight was taken for eight weeks and used to calculate the Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily gain (ADG). Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The feed intake, average daily gain, final weight gain, and feed conversion ratio was not significantly different from the control (P> 0.05). Thus, indigenous chicken fed diet with BGM and fishmeal performed similarly. As such, farmers should be encouraged to incorporate cockroaches as their on-farm feed to reduce the feed cost and increase chicken productivityItem Nutritional Value of German Cockroach Meal (Blattella germanica) as a SuperPRO Feed(Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2022-09-03) Ngaira, V.M.; Wambui, C.C.; Mosi, R.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationEvaluating animal feedstuff is a crucial aspect of animal nutrition and formulation. It provides basic nutritional value information on the quality of conventional feedstuffs and enriches the database with novel feedstuffs. A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of the German cockroach (B. germanica) and the parameters compared to the literature for anchovy fishmeal. Samples of adults and sub-adult B. germanica were analysed for dry matter content, crude protein, ether extracts, minerals, and crude fibre. Samples of sub-adult B. germanica were further analysed for profiles of amino acids and fatty acids and mineral composition. The chemical composition was compared to that documented for of anchovy-fishmeal by calculating parameters such as essential amino acid index, chemical score, and ideal amino acid ratios. The parameters were also compared to those recommended by NRC and GRRS. The dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and ash were 91.40, 56.64, 7.94, 6.05, 4.11 and 89.12, 58.28, 15.03, 5.21, 3.45 for adult and sub-adult, respectively. Whereas crude protein was similar, the crude fat (15.03 %) in nymphs was significantly different from adults (p<0.05). The crude protein level in german cockroaches was lower than that of anchovy fishmeal. Polyunsaturated fatty acid in nymph B. germanica accounted for 70 % of crude fat, dominated by oleic acid (35.90 %). All the essential amino acids were present, with leucine (3.14 mg/g) and methionine (0.65 mg/g) being the highest and lowest, respectively. The essential amino acid index of anchovy fishmeal (1.83) is better than cockroach meal (1.73). The level of essential amino acids in B. germanica exceeded the ideal amino acid ratios prescribed by NRC and GRRS for broiler chicken. Although the nutritional value of B. germanica is lower than of fishmeal, but is sufficient to as alternative chicken feed.Item Sustainability of Smallholder Dairy Production Systems in the Semi-Arid Rongai Division of Nakuru District(Animal Production Society of Kenya, 2001) Muhuyi, W.B.; Wekesa, F.W.; Mukisira, E.A.; Mosi, R.O.; Isika, M.; Okore, C.; Kirui, J.; Makori, J.; Lukibisi, F.B.; Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteA survey was conducted in Rongai Division of Nakuru District from July 1997 to November 2000 to identify dairy production systems and to analyse basis for their sustainability. The study involved 61 smallholder farmers. It was found that 67% of the farmers practised semi-zero grazing, 25% extensive grazing and 8% zero-grazing. The dairy production systems were based on Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey, Sahiwal and Crossbreds. Crossbreds accounted for 65-70% in the different production systems. The average farm size was 6 acres and average herd size for extensive grazing was 7 head of cattle, 7 for semi-zero grazing and 12 zero-grazing. The size of landholdings varied under the three production systems. Under zero-grazing 58% of the land was allocated for forage production, whereas in extensive and semi-zero grazing systems, farmers had proportionately allocated 40% of the area to forage production. The basal feeds were natural pastures, Rhodes grass pastures and hay, Napier grass, sorghum silage and sweetpotato vines. Feed supplements were dairy meal, maize, wheat bran and mineral lick. Water was obtained from rivers, roof catchment, boreholes and piped water. The feed quantity and quality varied with the production systems and this affected milk production. The average lactation yield of extensively grazed cows was 2,191,768.50 kg, for semi-zero grazed cows 2,512.80, 1,087.52 kg and 2,407.47, 1,121.31 kg for zero-grazed cows. Milk yield was low in extensive grazing due to the variable feed and long distances covered to get forage. However, milk yield of zero-grazed cows which were mainly Friesians and Friesian-Ayrshire crosses was below the production potential of the breeds and this was attributed to the low dry matter intake from Napier grass and inconsistency in dairy meal and mineral lick supplementation. With optimum stocking rates and good quality forage-legume mixtures, semi-zero and zero-grazing systems are sustainable. In addition to cattle, farmers keep sheep, goats and chicken.
