Browsing by Author "Muriuki, N.P."
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Item Evaluation of Protective Efficacy of Inactivated Thermostable Vaccine Against Nairobi Sheep Disease Virus(Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2023-05) Muriuki, N.P.; Ithinji, G.D.; Nyamache, A.K.; Ateya, L.; Binepal, Y.S.; Wasonga, C.; Lutomiah, J.; Kiraithe, M.M.; Kenyatta University ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; University of Nairobi ; Kenya Medical Research Institute ; Kenya Veterinary Vaccine Production Institute (KEVEVAPI)Sheep and goats (n= 4/group) were inoculated with thermos-stabilized inactivated Nairobi sheep disease virus vaccine. Four unvaccinated animals for each group were kept as control. Vaccinated groups were given a booster vaccine dose 21 days later. Immune response was monitored by neutralizing antibody titers were determined by micro-plaque reduction neutralization test and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay. Two doses of the inactivated vaccine stimulated a strong immune response in the vaccinated animals. The vaccinated and mock group were challenged with virulent 1473 strain of the Nairobi sheep disease virus. All animals developed fever and viremia with varying degrees between sheep and goats post challenge. Mock vaccinated sheep developed high viremia levels relative to the vaccinated group and developed severe disease. In contrast, mock vaccinated goats showed a slight temperature compared to vaccinated goats. After challenge, two control sheep died from the disease whereas the vaccinated sheep survived. Vaccinated sheep suffered mild to moderate clinical reactions with pyrexia. Formalin inactivated vaccine fully protected the animals against the lethal 1473 challenge virus.Item Use of Interactive 3-Module Integrated Livestock Health Service Mobile Application-Livestock Diseases Adaptive Capacity and Capability Building(International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 2023-05) Muriuki, N.P.; Ndung’u, D.N.; Ongalo, S.; Ngotho-Esilaba, R.N.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; University of NairobiIntegrated veterinary service mobile applications provides a faster, nearly real-time, and accurate reporting of livestock diseases. Active participatory epidemiological data collection using an online platform forms a prerequisite for early detection and response which prevents the spread of the disease outside the foci of the outbreak. Compared to the traditional pen and paper method, the use of mobile applications was faster and reliable and connected farmers to animal healthcare service providers more reliably. In the backend, the disease data was aggregated by animal species and to farmer biodata and geolocation. Animal health care provider module allowed a quick response focusing on spatial location. Detailed list of signs and symptoms as described by the farmer allowed a putative disease diagnosis and follow-up at all administrative levels. Researchers, we are able to collect current epidemiological data of the most prevalent diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats. Most of the diseases reported through the app were classified as notifiable diseases in Kenya which impose international livestock trade restrictions. Initially, heavy losses are occasioned in livestock due to lack of reliable reporting to facilitate faster response. The tool was also able to map and assess the disease burden and potential zoonotic disease risk. Although reporting through the e-platform resulted in much more timely and reliable reporting and feedback, limited connectivity and lack of smartphones in some regions delayed the process. However, in the long run, with the widespread use of smartphones, the approach will greatly improve animal disease reporting and surveillance, enhance data integrity, and enhance disease response strategies. Field data collection, transmission, and analysis allowed dissemination of validated feedback prompting an immediate response, and served as an early warning response.
