Browsing by Author "Ndungu, S.G."
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Item How to Control Heartwater Disease(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017) Ndungu, S.G.; Wesonga, F.D.; Rumberia, R.M.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationIt is a disease of domestic and wild ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, antelopes etc. It is the second most important tick-borne disease in terms of mortality after East Coast Fever (ECF). It occurs in all Sub-sahara Africa, carribean islands and in the islands surrounding.The disease is caused by a parasite called Erhlichia (Cowdria) ruminantum. In domestic ruminants the disease is very severe and will cause death if not treated.Item Immunization of Cattle against Theileriosis Using Varying Doses of Theileria Par VA Lawrencei and T. Par VA Par VA Sporozoites and Ox tetracycline Treatments(1988) Ndungu, S.G.; Young, A.S.; Stagg, D.A.; Mutugi, J.J.; Maritim, A.C.Immunization of cattle against theileriosis using varying doses of Theilera parva lawrencei and T parva parva sporozOtes and oxytetracycline treatments. International Journal for Parasitology 18: 453-461. Theileria parva lawrencel and T parva parva parasites, from three sources (two from African buffalo, SWlcerus caifer, and one from indigenous cattle, Bos indicus) iwlated from two areas of Kenya, were chosen for invetigations mto immunization of cattle agaimt thellenonsis. Varying concentration of stabllates were used to Infect cattle singly in one experiment and In combination in another experiment, wIth one or two treatments with either long- or short-acting formulations of oxytetracyclines, respectively. It was found that high concentrations with T parva lawrencei stabilates (10°) were not controlled satisfactonly by oxytetracyclines but with concentration of stabilate at 10- 1 or particularly 1O-~ It was possible to Induce sub-climcal theileriosis with the development of antibodies to T pan'a. Both short- and long-acting formulatIOns of oxytetracyclines appeared to be equally effective. Some chrome effects were seen after immumzation but these were not usually detected when lower concentratlom of stabilate were given. Cattle Immunized by this procedure were shown to be immune to homologow. and heterologous challenge and some were demomtrated to become T parva carriers.Item National Agricultural Research Project KARI/DFID Tick-Borne Diseases Project the Effect of Immunisation against East Coast Fever and Relaxed Tick Control on the Incidence of Tick-Borne Diseases in Nakuru District, Kenya(Kenya Agricultural Research Institiute, 1998) Rumberia, R.M.; Mbogo, S.K.; Wesonga, F.D.; Ndungu, S.G.; Muraguri, R.G.; Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteEast Coast fever (ECF) caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and transmitted by the brown tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatusis the major disease of cattle which limits dairy and beef production in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Conventional control methods of the disease rely on regular and intensive use of chemical acaricides to control the vector of the disease. Infected animals can be treated using chemotherapeutic drugs when applied early in the disease. Both of these methods are expensive and have several limitations. An alternative control method which involves infection and treatment immunisation method has proved efficacious both at the laboratory and field level. The method involves infection of an animal with live Theileria parva parasites and simultaneous treatment with oxytetracyclines. The resulting immune response coupled with sub-lethal natural challenge generally protects animals against the disease for life. Currently, this is the only practical method available for immunisation against ECF.Item Responses to a vaccine trial for East Coast fever in two cattle herds at the Kenyan coast(1991) Mutugi, J.J.; Ndungu, S.G.; Linyonyi, A.; Maritim, A.C.; Mining, S.K.; Ngumi, P.N.; Kariuki, D.P.A total of 373 cattle (271 Zebu-European crosses and 102 pedigree Jerseys) were immunized against East Coast fever on two farms in the Kilifi District of Coast Province, Kenya. The cross breeds and the Jersey cattle received I ml of either 10-01 or 10-' dilution of Thellena parva parva Marikebuni stock, respectively and simultaneous treatment with a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline. Following immunization, 362 cattle (96.5%) showed Theileria parva antibodies; 346 cattle (92.7%) seroconverted without clinical reactions. The Jersey cattle developed a higher proportion of clinical East Coast fever reactors (14.7%) following the immunization than the cross breeds (0.6%). All the calves immunized (37) on both farms seroconverted to Theileria parva antigen without any theilerial clinical reactions. The development of a serological response to East Coast fever was independent of the route of stabilate inoculation and was unaffected by concurrent infections such as trypanosomiasis and foot and mouth disease. Following immunization, no discernable effects on milk production were recorded, except from cattle undergoing a clinical reaction, where a transient reduction in milk production was seen. Thirty months later, the immunized cattle are reported to have withstood the disease challenge presented to them naturally on the farms without any breakdown in immunity to East Coast fever.
