Browsing by Author "Ngotho, J.M."
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Item Efficacy of Trypan(Diminazene Di-Aceturate)in Camels Infected with Trypanosoma Evansi(2003) Maina, N.; Ngotho, J.M.; Njiru, Z.K.; Karanja, W M.; Gem, O.C.; Karanja, S.M.; Kibugu, J.K.; Ndungu, J.M.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, KenyaThe efficacy of a diminazene aceturate formulation•, Trypan® (Ataros GmbH and Co.) which was recently developed and recommended for camel trypanosomosis, was tested in 11 (1 to 3 year old) dromedary camels. The animals, .were divided into 3 groups; 1, 2 and 3, comprising 4, 3 and 4 camels, respectively. Groups 2 and 3 Camels were inoculated with Trypanosoma evansi KETRI 2455 (1 x •10' trypanosomes) via intravenous injection while group 1 \vas left uninfected. Clinical examination and parasitaemia determination were done daily whereas Blood for haematology was collected weekly. Camels in group 2 and 3 were treated with Trypan at 3.5 mg/kg bwt intramuscularly (1M) at the onset of parasitaemia (day 8 post infection) and at peak parasitaemia (day 10 post infection), respectively. The .control animals (group 1) were treated with Trypan® at 3.5 mg/kg bwt 1M and Observed daily for overt signs of toxicity. The camels did not show any sign of toxicity during the 3 months experimental period. Treatment with Trypanl/l) at the onset of parasitaemia (group 2) resulted in clearance of trypanosomes• within 18 hours. The animals however relapsed ten days after treatment and were treated Curatively with 0.25 mg/kg bwt melarsomine. Camels treated at peak parasitaemia with Trypan® also became aparasitaemic within 18 hours. The clinical condition of the camels severely deteriorated despite no relapse. The camel were euthaniased 5 days post treatment to alleviate further suffering. At post-mortem there was exudative Pneumonia. Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and myocarditis. Histopathology revealed involvement of the central nervous system, with heavy cellular infiltration and congestion of blood vessels This Implies that Trypan'" suspension may not be effective in curing camels with acute T. evansi infections.Item Total Protein and White Cell Changes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Vervet Monkeys Infected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense and the Post-treatment Reaction(The Research Centre for Protozoan Molecular Immunology, 1994) Ndungu, J.M.; Ngure, R.M.; Ngotho, J.M.; Sayer, P.D.; Omuse, J.K.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, P. O. Box 362, Kikuyu, KenyaIn an attempt to elucidate the events leading to the development of post treatment reactve encephalopathy in human Africa trypanosomiasis (HAT),a group of vervet monkeys (ceropithecus aethiops)were experimentally indfected with Trypanosoma rhodesiense. When terminally sick on day 12, they were treated with either diminazene aceturate, suramin or melarsoprol. Trypanosomes appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)by day 1 of infection and increased in numbers with progress of the disease. However, only marginal increases in CSF total protein and white cels ocured during the same period. Treatment with Berenil resulted in persistence and increase in numbers of CSF.Trypanosomes, a dramaric increase in proteins and white cells up to 8 weeks after treatment,calminating in clinical encephalitis. Suramin cleared CSF trypanosomes within 4 weeks with marginal increase in proteins and white cells up to 8 weeks after treatment, folowes thereafter by a grasual and prolonged fall to pre-infection levels, Melarsoprol eliminated trypanosomes from the CSF in less than a week but the white cell and protein levels increased for another 4 weeks before finally falling. The pos-treatment increased in white cell numbers and total protein was therefore dependent on the trypanocidal drug, and was highest and most prolonged when Berenil was used and lowest with Suramin. The present studies demonstrate tha trypanocidal treatment of infected animals is followed by a post-treatment reaction in the central nervous system, the severity of which is related to the drug used and the presence of trypanosomes in the CSF.The vervet monkey therefore appears to be a good model for studying the reaction in HAT.
