Browsing by Author "Nyang'oa, J.M.N."
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Item Epidemiology of Drug Resistant Trypanosoma Evansi Isolates From Camels in Kenya(1996) Maina, W.N.N.; Otieno, C.; Wesongah, J.O.; Auma, J.E.; Nyang'oa, J.M.N.; Olaho-Mukami, W.; Sutherland, D.V.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Kikuyu, KenyaThe sensitivity patterns of 22 Trypanosoma evansi isolates collected from camel herds in four districts of Kenya to melarsomine, suramin and trypacide were assessed in vitro. Trypanosome metabolism was determined by direct counting method and measurement of pyruvate levels. Eighteen isolates (85.5%) were sensitive to melarsomine with IC.o values in the range 3-35 ng/ml, while three isolates (14.5%) showed reduced sensitivity to melarsomine (lC.o 50-500 ng/ml). Resistance to trypacide was observed in twelve Isolates (58%) at 500 ng/ml, while eight isolates (38%) were resistant to suramin at 10 I1g/ml. Only six isolates (29%) were resistant to both trypacide and suramin. The isolates from Isiolo were all resistant to trypacide, while two (50%), one (25%) and one (20%) isolates from Tana River, Marbasit and Laikipia, respectively, were resistant at 500 ng/m/. All the isolates from Laikipia were sensitive to suramin (IC.o 0.06 - 3 I1g/ml) while five (63%), two (50%) and one (25%) isolates collected from Isiolo, Tana River and Marsabit, respectively were resistant at 10 1l9/ml. Similar sensitivity patterns were revealed by the pyruvate method and direct counting method. However, the pyruvate method was more reproducible, and capable of screening large number of samples.Item Immunoassay of Circulating Trypanosomal Antigens in Sleeping Sickness Patients Undergoing Treatment(1994) Olaho-Mukani, W.; Nyang'oa, J.M.N.; Ngaira, J. M. ; Omuse, J. K. ; Mbwabi, D.; Tengekyon, K.M. ; Igweh, A.C.; ; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research InstituteSera from 99 patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and undergoing treatment, were analyzed for circulating trypanosomal antigens using a sandwich antigen-trapping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Trypanosomal antigens were detected in 83 (84%) of the patients. Post-treatment antigen profile in 67 patients showed five distinct patterns: in 48% of the patients antigen levels remained elevated throughout the time of hospitalisation and follow-up; in 31%, antigens dropped to the negative value by the second month; in 7.5%, antigens dropped to the negative level and became elevated afterwards; in 7.5%, antigen levels were negative initially, but later, became elevated and remained so throughout the observation period; in 6\'1>, antigen levels remained below the negative value throughout. All patients who relapsed on follow-up had earlier shown evidence of elevated antigen profile. There were no cases of relapses among 21 patients whose antigen levels dropped subsequent to treatment. This ELISA trypanosome antigen detection test could be useful in evaluating treatment success, when used together with parasitological diagnostic techniques.Item Use of Suratex for Field Diagnosis of Patent and Non-Patent Trypanosoma Evansi infections in Camels(1996) Olaho-Mukani, W.; Nyang'oa, J.M.N.; Ouma, J.O.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, (KIRTI)Recent development of sensitive immunoassay techniques for the detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens has significantly improved the diagnosis of both animal and human trypanosomosis (Rae & Luckins, 1984;Nantulya, 1989; Nantulya el al., 1992; Olaho-Mukani, 1989). This is because these tests are diagnostically more sensitive than parasitological tests, and the detection of antigens in the peripheral circulation is a more reliable indication of active infection (Voller & De Savigny, 1981). They are also ideal for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response, because, after effective treatment, trypanosomal antigens disappear from the circulation (Olaho-Mukani et al., 1992), until recently, however, trypanosomal antigen detection tests were limited to laboratory use only. The introduction of card latex agglutination tests for the field diagnosis of animal and human trypanosomosis (Nantulya, 1993, 1994) is expected to overcome this obstacle. In the present study, a commercial kit (Suratex, Brentec Diagnostics, Nairobi) was used to conduct a recently introduced latex agglutination test (Nantulya, 1994), for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response and diagnosis of. Typanosoma evansi infection in camels.
