Browsing by Author "Olaho-Mukani, W."
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Item Alternative Complement Pathway Activity in Experimental Surra(1998) W. Ouma, J.O.; Olaho-Mukani, W.; Whishitemi, B.E L.; Guya, S.O.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Division of Biochemistry and Immunology, Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research InstituteHaemolytic complement activity in dromedary camels Infected with Trypanosoma evansi was assayed under alternative pathway conditions. Complement fixing antibody titres and circulating trypanosomal antigen levels were also monitored throughout the infection period. A rapid initial increase (47%) in mean alternative pathway haemolytic complement (ACH5o) level occurred during the first week of infection. ACH50 levels later decreased significantly in infected camels and recovered only after drug treatment was started. The mean ACH 50 units of un-infected control camels showed only slight variations throughout the study and were significantly higher than those of infected camels (pItem Application of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence to assay opsonizing antibodies to procyclic forms of Trypanosoma congolense in the sera of dogs experimentally infected with heterologous stocks(1990) Ahmed, J. S.; Winter, P.; Olaho-Mukani, W.; Dorflinger,W.; Horchner, F.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Institut für Parasitologie und Tropenveterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Tropical Medicine and Parasitology : Official Organ of Deutsche Tropenmedizinische Gesellschaft and of Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ),Luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (LCL) responses of dog granulocytes were used to assay opsonizing antibodies to procyclic culture forms of T congolense. A high degree of sensitivity was demonstrated and LCL levels were high, when the phagocytic cells were incubated with the sera of infected dogs even at dilutions as high as I: 400 as compared to pre-infection or negative sera. The levels of opsonizing antibodies were elevated in all the dogs throughout the time of observation. The technique was sensitive, could be automated and, therefore, allows a rapid evaluation of large numbers of serum samples for Trypanosoma specific antibodies.Item Immunoassay of Circulating Trypanosomal Antigens in Sleeping Sickness Patients Undergoing Treatment(1994) Olaho-Mukani, W.; Nyang'oa, J.M.N.; Ngaira, J. M. ; Omuse, J. K. ; Mbwabi, D.; Tengekyon, K.M. ; Igweh, A.C.; ; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research InstituteSera from 99 patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and undergoing treatment, were analyzed for circulating trypanosomal antigens using a sandwich antigen-trapping enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Trypanosomal antigens were detected in 83 (84%) of the patients. Post-treatment antigen profile in 67 patients showed five distinct patterns: in 48% of the patients antigen levels remained elevated throughout the time of hospitalisation and follow-up; in 31%, antigens dropped to the negative value by the second month; in 7.5%, antigens dropped to the negative level and became elevated afterwards; in 7.5%, antigen levels were negative initially, but later, became elevated and remained so throughout the observation period; in 6\'1>, antigen levels remained below the negative value throughout. All patients who relapsed on follow-up had earlier shown evidence of elevated antigen profile. There were no cases of relapses among 21 patients whose antigen levels dropped subsequent to treatment. This ELISA trypanosome antigen detection test could be useful in evaluating treatment success, when used together with parasitological diagnostic techniques.Item Trypanosomal antigen and antibody levels in field camels following treatment with two trypanocidal drugs(1992) Olaho-Mukani, W.; Munyua, W. K.; Njogu, A. R.; Mutugi, M. W.; Otsyula, M.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research InstituteThe efficacy of treatment in 61 naturally trypanosome- infected camels was evaluated by antigen and antibody detection. Following treatment of 14 infected field camels with an arsenical drug (RM ll0) no trypanosomal antigens could be detected in the animals which were treated with 0.6 mg/kg body weight and 1.2 mg/kg body weight, 90 days thereafter. In two out of three camels treated with 0.4 mg/kg body weight no trypanosomal antigens could be detected by day 90 post-treatment. However, there was evidence of trypanosomal antigens in camels treated with 0.2 mg/kg body weight and untreated positive controls. Antibody levels were still high in all the 14 camels, 90 days post-treatment. In another group of 55 field camels, of which 47 camels were parasite-positive and eight parasite-negative, trypanosomal antigens could not be detected in 42 camels, 28 and 48 days post-treatment with Quinapyramine Prosalt. However, antigen levels were still high in five parasite-positive camels, 48 days post-treatment. In all the parasite-positive camels, antibody levels were still high 48 days after treatment. In the eight parasite-negative camels, antigens were detected in four camels before treatment. By day 48 post-treatment, all the four camels were antigen-negative. However, four of the eight parasite-negative camels were still antibody-positive by day 48 post-treatment. These observations indicated that antigen-detection could be used to evaluate the success of therapeutic trials where trypanosome detection tests may fail to pick low patent infections.Item Two Simple Antigen-Detection Enzyme Immunoassays for the Diagnosis of Trypanosoma Evansi Infections in the Dromedary Camel (Camelus Dromedarius)(1989) Nantulya, V.M.; Lindqvist, K.J.; Diall, O.; Olaho-Mukani, W.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya, laboratoire Central Veterinaire du Mali, Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, Kikuyu, KenyaA monoclonal antibody against a plasma membrane antigen of Trypanosoma rhodesiense was used in a microplate- and a tube-ELISA for the detection of T. evansi circulating antigen in camel sera from endemic areas in Mali and Kenya. The colour reactions could be read visually and the results obtained for both assays were identical. The sera from the control herd of 30 camels from a farm in a non-endemic area in Kenya were all negative for antigen, while 18 out of 20 sera from infected camels in an endemic area in Kenya and 16 out of 17 parasitaemic cameIs from a different endemic area in Mali were antigen-positive. More importantly, the antigen-detection assay gave positive results with 9 out of 20 and 13 out of 20 field sera from the two endemic areas in Kenya and Mali, respectively, collected from camels which had negative parasitological findings. The ease with which the tube-ELISA can be carried out makes it a potentially suitable tool for the diagnosis of T. evansiinfections in the field.Item Use of Suratex for Field Diagnosis of Patent and Non-Patent Trypanosoma Evansi infections in Camels(1996) Olaho-Mukani, W.; Nyang'oa, J.M.N.; Ouma, J.O.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, (KIRTI)Recent development of sensitive immunoassay techniques for the detection of circulating trypanosomal antigens has significantly improved the diagnosis of both animal and human trypanosomosis (Rae & Luckins, 1984;Nantulya, 1989; Nantulya el al., 1992; Olaho-Mukani, 1989). This is because these tests are diagnostically more sensitive than parasitological tests, and the detection of antigens in the peripheral circulation is a more reliable indication of active infection (Voller & De Savigny, 1981). They are also ideal for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response, because, after effective treatment, trypanosomal antigens disappear from the circulation (Olaho-Mukani et al., 1992), until recently, however, trypanosomal antigen detection tests were limited to laboratory use only. The introduction of card latex agglutination tests for the field diagnosis of animal and human trypanosomosis (Nantulya, 1993, 1994) is expected to overcome this obstacle. In the present study, a commercial kit (Suratex, Brentec Diagnostics, Nairobi) was used to conduct a recently introduced latex agglutination test (Nantulya, 1994), for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response and diagnosis of. Typanosoma evansi infection in camels.
