Browsing by Author "Otaru, M."
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Item Re-emergence of Rinderpest as a Threat in East Africa since 1979(1983) Rossiter, P.B.; Jessett, D.M.; Wafula, J.S.; Karstad, L.; Chema, S.; Taylor, W.P.; Rowe, L.; Nyange, J.C.; Otaru, M.; Mumbala, M.; Veterinary Research Department, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga, P PO Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya. Veterinary Research Laboratories, PO Box Kabere, Kenya. Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright, Woking. Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania. Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala, Uganda. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, ScotlandThe evidence for the recent re-emergence of rinderpest as a threat in East Africa is reviewed. East Africa was free from rinderpest in domestic and wild animals from 1966 to 1979 apart from isolated outbreaks of the disease in unvaccinated nomadic cattle and wildlife. However, in July 1979, rinderpest was diagnosed in East African zebu cattle in northeastern Uganda and the disease spread rapidly before being brought under control in November 1981. In July 1980 the disease was confirmed by virus isolation and specific antigen detection among unvaccinated grade and Boran cattle in Muguga, and serological surveys reported in 1982 and 1983 indicated that the virus had infected goats, sheep and wild ungulates in Kenya. In Tanzania, in March 1982, the disease affected buffaloes in the Serengeti National Park and later that year many buffaloes and also giraffes, warthogs and eland in the Ngorongoro Crater area were killed by what is thought to have been the same disease. Serum samples subsequently collected from buffaloes in these latter two areas had a high prevalence of neutralizing antibody to rinderpest virus. In September 1982 detection of virus neutralizing antibody in cattle, sheep and goats in northern Tanzania where a disease resembling rinderpest had been active since 1981 indicated that the rinderpest virus was responsible for this outbreak which was spreading slowly in 1983. It is concluded that the worldwide recession and resultant decrease in the level of vaccination cover have facilitated re-entry of rinderpest to East Africa. Immediate provision of resources to prevent the disease regaining endemic status is called for.Item Re-emergence of rinderpest as a threat in East Africa since 1979(1983) Rossiter, P.B; Wafula, J.S; Nyange, J. C.; Karstad, L.; Taylor, W.P; Mumbala, M.; Otaru, M.; Scott, G. R.; Jessett, D.MFollowing the success of the JP15 scheme and subsequent annual vaccination campaigns, East Africa was virtually free of rinder pest after the mid-1960s and the disease was considered beaten. However, economic difficulties have recently reduced the expensively maintained vaccine cover and the disease has reappeared throughout much of the region. In 1979 rinderpest was diagnosed in cattle in north eastern Uganda and caused considerable losses until finally brought under control in 1981. No field outbreaks of the disease in cattle have been seen in Kenya but there is serological evidence that the virus has recently infected un vaccinated sheep and goats and wild ungulates in that country. In 1982 rinder pest was confirmed in the laboratory as the cause of death of large numbers of buffaloes in northern Tanzania and implicated as the cause of a rinder pest-like disease of cattle which is reported to be still active in that area. Substantial aid is essential for further control and research if the virus is not again to become endemic in the region.Item Re-emergence of Rinderpest as a Threat in East Africa since 1979.(1983) Rossiter, P.B.; Jessett, D.M.; Wafula, J.S.; Karstad, L.; Chema, S.; Taylor, W.P.; Rowe, L.; Nyange, J.C.; Otaru, M.; Mumbala, M.; Veterinary Research Department, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, Muguga, PO Box 32, Kikuyu, Kenya. Veterinary Research Laboratories, PO Box Kabete, Kenya. Animal Virus Research Institute. Veterinary Investigation Centre, PO Box 1068, Arusha, Tanzania. Ministry of Animal Industry and Fisheries, Kampala, Uganda. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Easter Bush, Roslin. Midlothian, ScotlandFollowing the success of the JP15 scheme and subsequent annual vaccination campaigns, East Africa was virtually free of rinderpest after the mid 1960s and the disease was considered beaten. However, economic difficulties have recently reduced the expensively maintained vaccine cover and the disease has reappeared throughout much of the region. In 1979 rinderpest was diagnosed in cattle in north eastern Uganda and caused considerable losses until finally brought under control in 1981. No field outbreaks of the disease in cattle have been seen in Kenya but there is serological evidence that the virus has recently infected unvaccinated sheep and goats and wild ungulates in that country. In 1982 rinderpest was confirmed in the laboratory as the cause of death of large numbers of buffaloes in northern Tanzania and implicated as the cause of a rinderpest-like disease of cattle which is reported to be still active in that area. Substantial aid is essential for further control and research if the virus is not again to become endemic in the region.
