Browsing by Author "Rumberia, R.M."
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Item Cross-immunity studies using Kenyan stocks of Cowdria ruminantium(1966) Rumberia, R.M.; Ngumi, P.N.; Mbogoh, S.K.; Kariuki, D.P.; Gitau, P.K.; KARI (National Veterinary Research Centre Muguga)Heart water or cowdriaosis, caused by the rickettsia organism Cowdria ruminantium, is a disease of major economic importance in sub-Saharan Africa (Ui1enberg 1983). The disease affects domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted trans-stadially by ticks of the genus Amblyomma. The disease is controlled by control of vector ticks through use of acaricides, treatment of sick animals or by vaccination using an infection and treatment method. The first practical vaccination approach was investigated by Neitz and Alexander (1941) using Cowdria infected sheep blood. The infection and treatment method is used because animals that recover from clinical disease are usually resistant to homologous and in most cases to heterologous challenge (Uilenberg et al 1983). There are however, same shortcomings with this method.Item The Effect of Immunization against Theileriosis on the Reproductive Function of Boran/Friesian Cross Heifers Preliminary Study(1994) Rumberia, R.M.; Watson, E.D.; Young, A.S.; National veterinary Research Centre; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; University of Edinburgh; Veterinary Field Station; International Laboratory for Research in Animal Diseases.Bovine theileriosis, caused by Theileria parua is the most important disease of livestock in East and Central Africa. T parva infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates (Brocklesby et at., 1961). To date, the only method of immunization against T parua is by infection with sporozoite stabilates and treatment with oxytetracyclines (Purnell, 1977; Radley, 1978, 1981). This method has been adopted and is being used in several countries in the region where theileriosis is endemic. Currently, long-term programmes have been formulated in these countries with the aim of protecting a larger proportion of animals at risk. However, T parva infected animals have been shown to suffer from loss of reproductive function (Rumberia et at., 1993). In view of these findings and anecdotal reports linking theileriosis with abortions and long anoestrous periods (Oteng, 1977), this study was undertaken to determine if immunization has any adverse effect on reproductive function in cattle.Item Efficacy of Theileria parva stabilate kept on melting ice in immunisation against East Coast fever(1966) Rumberia, R.M.; McHardy, N.; Wanjohi, J.M.; Mbogoh, S.K.; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Veterinary Research Centre.The effect of increasing the shelf life of equilibrated Theileria parva stabilate beyond the recommended shelf life of one hour was studied in immunization against East Coast fever. In a preliminary experiment, groups of five cattle were immunized with stabilize material which had been kept on melting ice at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours after equilibration. The material was ineffective up to 24 h and all animals developed high antibody titres to T. parva schizont antigen. The animals were challenged with a lethal dose of the homologous material thirty five days later. Animals inoculated with 2 to 8 hour old stabilate resisted homologous challenge while both controls and an animal in each of the other groups required treatment. In a subsequent experiment, twenty cattle were immunised with the same stock of parasite, which had been kept for four hours on melting ice. Thirty five days later, they were divided into two equal groups and challenged with the homologous or heterologous stabilate. Ninety and seventy percent of the animals resisted the homologous and heterologous challenge respectively, while all controls developed severe disease.Item How to Control Heartwater Disease(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017) Ndungu, S.G.; Wesonga, F.D.; Rumberia, R.M.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationIt is a disease of domestic and wild ruminants such as cattle, sheep, goats, buffaloes, antelopes etc. It is the second most important tick-borne disease in terms of mortality after East Coast Fever (ECF). It occurs in all Sub-sahara Africa, carribean islands and in the islands surrounding.The disease is caused by a parasite called Erhlichia (Cowdria) ruminantum. In domestic ruminants the disease is very severe and will cause death if not treated.Item Immunisation Of Small-Holder Cattle Against East Coast Fever In Kiambu District, Kenya(1994) Linyonyi, J.M.; Kariuki, D.P.; Rumberia, R.M.; Mbogo,S.K.; Linyonyi, A.; KARI ( National Veterinary Research Centre P.o Box 32 kikuyu )Three hundred and fifty-eight head of cattle were immunized against East Coast fever using the 'infection and treatment method' in small holdings in Kiambu District. It was observed that the animals could be successfully monitored once every 3 days instead of daily as was done previously. The reaction rate was higher in calves than in adults; thet incidence of other tick-borne diseases did not: increase after immunization despite a relaxation in’ tick control efforts.Item Immunization of cattle against East Coast fever using Theileria parva (Marikebuni) and relaxation of tick control in North Rift, Kenya(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 2001) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; Wanjohi, J.M.; Ngerenwa, J.J.N.; Rumberia, R.M.; Muraguri, G.; KARI (National Veterinary Research Centre Muguga) P.o Box 32 Kikuyu KenyaA total of 90 animals was Immunized against East Coast fever (ECF) using Theileria parva (Marlkebuni) stock on three large-scale farms In Kimininl Division, Trans-Nzola District, North Rift, Kenya. Another 90 cattle served as non-immunized controls. Following immunization the number of cattle with significant indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) titres increased from 43.9 % to 84.4 % and 6.7 % of the cattle developed clinical ECF reactions. Two months after immunization, the immunized and non-Immunized cattle were divided into two groups one of which was dipped every 3 weeks and the other dipped when total full body tick counts reached 100. All the animals were monitored for 51 weeks for incidences of ECF and other tick-borne diseases. Twenty-four cases of ECF were diagnosed among the non-Immunized cattle compared to four cases among the immunized cattle; a difference that was significant (P> 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidences of babesiosis and anaplasmosis between the immunized and non-immunized cattle.Item Isolation of the Causative Agent of Heartwater (Cowdria ruminantium) from Three Amblyomma Species in Eight Districts of Kenya.(British Veterinary Association , 1997) Ngumi, P.N.; Rumberia, R.M.; Williamson, S.M.; Sumption, K.J.; Lesan, A.C.; Kariuki, D.P.; National Veterinary Research Centre; University of Edinburgh; 1.Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9RG 2.National Veterinary Research Centre, Box 32, Kikuyu, KenyaThirteen isolates of Cowdria ruminantium were made from eight different Districts of Kenya by four different isolation methods. Feeding adult Amblyomma species ticks derived from nymphs collected in the field and the inoculation of homogenates prepared from adult field ticks had the highest success rate. The reattachment of adult ticks collected in the field was successful on only one of five attempts, and the subinoculation of blood from suspected heartwater carriers was unsuccessful. Seven of the isolates were derived from A variegatum ticks, four from A gemma, one from A lepidum and one from a mixed pool of the last two species. This is the first report of the isolation of C ruminantium from A gemma ticks, and the first report of its transtadial transmission from nymphal to adult A gemma.Item National Agricultural Research Project KARI/DFID Tick-Borne Diseases Project the Effect of Immunisation against East Coast Fever and Relaxed Tick Control on the Incidence of Tick-Borne Diseases in Nakuru District, Kenya(Kenya Agricultural Research Institiute, 1998) Rumberia, R.M.; Mbogo, S.K.; Wesonga, F.D.; Ndungu, S.G.; Muraguri, R.G.; Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteEast Coast fever (ECF) caused by the protozoan parasite Theileria parva and transmitted by the brown tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatusis the major disease of cattle which limits dairy and beef production in Eastern, Central and Southern Africa. Conventional control methods of the disease rely on regular and intensive use of chemical acaricides to control the vector of the disease. Infected animals can be treated using chemotherapeutic drugs when applied early in the disease. Both of these methods are expensive and have several limitations. An alternative control method which involves infection and treatment immunisation method has proved efficacious both at the laboratory and field level. The method involves infection of an animal with live Theileria parva parasites and simultaneous treatment with oxytetracyclines. The resulting immune response coupled with sub-lethal natural challenge generally protects animals against the disease for life. Currently, this is the only practical method available for immunisation against ECF.Item Oestrus Detection in Cattle Using Behavioural and Genital Tract Changes(1994) Rumberia, R.M.; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Veterinary Research Centre, Muguga, KenyaSixteen normally cycling Boran Friesian cross heifers were studied over 138 oestrus cycles. The animals were checked for behavioural and genital tract changes. In addition, cyclical patterns were determined through measurement of progesterone concentrations using radioimmunoassay methods. Oestrus detection rate using specific and nonspecific behavioural and genital tract changes was 97.1 % when related to serum progesterone profiles. A defmitive diagnosis of oestrus based on standing to be mounted was recorded in 68.7% of the observed heats. Of the non-specific oestrus traits, vulval mucus discharge and restlessness were reliable indicators that the animal was around oestrus; these were observed in 97 and 91 % of all observed heats, respectively. Overall, the mean cycle length in the heifers was 21.2 ± 0.2 days.
