Browsing by Author "Wayua, F.O."
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Item Allium fistulosum Crude Extract and Optimum Irrigation Levels as Alternative Management Option of Tomato Bacterial Wilt in Greenhouse(IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2021) Shikoli, E.M.; Ogweno, J.O.; Mwanarusi, S.; Wayua, F.O.; Egerton University ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization Kakamega- Non Ruminant Research InstituteTomato production in Kenya is limited due to abiotic and biotic constraints among them water availability and bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. A study with objective of determining the effects of Allium fistulosumcrude extract concentrations and irrigation levels on Ralstonia solanacearum inhibition in-vitro, and bacterial wilt disease incidence and severity on tomato grown in the greenhouse was conducted at KALRO-Kakamega, Kenya. The experiment employed a single factor treatment design with combination of different levels of Allium fistulosum crude extract and irrigation treated as distinct treatments. A CRD, with three replications were used in both the laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Treatments in the laboratory experimentwere; negative control (distilled water), positive control (Greencop at 50g/20L) and Allium fistulosum concentrations at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% while in greenhouse experiment were combinations of different levels of Allium fistulosum; 20%, 15%, 0%, positive control with four levels of irrigation, 0.5 L, 1L, 1.5 L and 2L/pot/week. Data were collected on diameter of zone of inhibition, disease incidence and disease severity and subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using PROC GLM of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS) programme version 9.1. Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (Tukey’s HSD) mean separation test was conducted at α= 0.05 level. The highest inhibition mean diameter of 11.48 mm was obtained under 20% concentration of Allium fistulosum in the in-vitro antibacterial assay while the lowest inhibition mean diameter of 5.8 mm was under negative control treatment. In the greenhouse experiment, all combinations of Allium fistulosum crude extract with irrigation levels generally reduced disease incidence and severity of tomato plant compared to positive and negative controls. The lowest disease incidence and severity was recorded with the use of 20% Allium fistulosum crude extract combined with either one litre or a half a litre of water while the highest disease incidence was recorded under positive control (Greencop) and negative control (0% extract) combined with two litres of water. In conclusion, Allium fistulosum crude extract concentration of 20% combined with one litres of water/pot/week is recommended to be used as alternative eco-friendly method in tomato production systems for the management of bacterial wilt. Future Studies should base on determining the concentration of allicin in Allium fistulosum crude extract that can be able to reduce bacterial wilt disease incidence and severity in the field.Item Carcass Characteristics of Indigenous Chicken Fed on Diets Containing German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) Meal in Kenya(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2023-09-11) Ngaira, V.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Mosi, R.O.; Wambui, C.C.; Alaru, P.A.O.; Ochieng, V.O.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; Maseno UniversityEdible insects are available for use in insect-based-feed, however there is limited information on carcass characteristics and sensory tests of chicken fed on German cockroaches (Blattela germanica). This study assessed the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with varying levels of processed B. germanica meal (BGM). Seventy-two grower chicken of eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females, were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four treatments were replicated three times and fed ad lib on different diets for period of fifty-six days. The treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised of-diet TA (3.5% FM, 0.5% PBGM), TB (2.5% FM, 1.5% PBGM), TC (2% FM, 2% PBGM), and TD (4% FM, 0% FM). Four birds per treatment were sacrificed on day 112. The birds were slaughtered, dressed, and dissected into prime cuts (thighs, drumstick, breast, wings) that were weighed and expressed as a percentage of live birds. Samples of breast were cooked and served to a panellist for an organoleptic test. Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance for a CRD where samples were treatments while panellists were replicates in SPSS. Weights of plucked bird, dressed bird, thighs, drumstick, and wings of chicken fed on TA, TB, and TC was not significantly different from those feds on the control diet (TD). Similarly, the average percentage of the dressed carcass (65%) and other prime cuts was not different from the control. The flavour, smell, taste, colour, and overall acceptability of breast samples were not significantly different, with a mean score of 4.0 rated as good. The study revealed that replacing up to 50% of fishmeal with BGM does not affect meat quality, meat sensory attributes, and consumers’ acceptability thus actors in the chicken value chain should embrace use of German cockroaches as a protein feedstuff.Item Control Mastitis for Hygienic Camel Milk(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Oganization (KALRO), 2017) Adongo, A.O. ; Tura, I. ; Kuria, S.G.; Wayua, F.O.; Golicha, D.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Oganization (KALRO).Mastitis causes part or whole of the camel udder to swell. The disease is mainly caused by bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus agalac tiae). Some local camel keepers believe the disease results from 'bad eye' or the envy of neighbours with ill feelings on another's herd. It is commonly referred to as Budha by many camel keepers. Milk from an infected camel may contain blood, flakes and changes colour from white yellow or red.Item Effects of Organic Substrates on Development and Survival of Blattella germanica for Food and Feed in Kenya(Science Research Publishing, 2022) Ngaira, V.M.; Mosi, R.O.; Wambui, C.C.; Wayua, F.O.; Wachira, A.M.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Maseno University ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationEntomophagy has gained popularity as a novel approach to addressing food and nutrition insecurity, particularly in sub-tropical and tropical countries. Cockroaches, for example, have the potential to alleviate nutritional deficiencies, as well as the erratic supply of protein in feeds. They can also be reared on locally available organic substrates. This study investigated growth performance and survival of german cockroach (Blattella germanica) reared on locally available organic matter substrates as treatments; spent brewers’ grain (Treatment A), Treatment B consisting of (40%: wheat bran: 40% spent brewers’ grain: 20% Caridina nilotica), wheat bran (Treatment C), and C. nilotica (Treatment D) and in a completely randomised design (CRD). Each treatment was replicated four times, while in each replicate 20 - 30 nymphs were reared for forty-two days. Feed intake for all the treatments was not significantly different. There was a significant difference (P < 0.05) in mature weight, average daily weight gain, live weight, and survival during rearing period. Cockroach performed well on treatment B and recorded highest mature weight, overall performance index, survival was 90.25 mg, 197.35, 96%. The least perfomance was reported in Treatment C; 1.78, 83, 143.17 and 72.5 for average growth rate, survival, overall perfomance and mature weight respectively. B. Based on these findings, a single feed as used in this study was inferior to the composite (Treatment B) in all parameters of growth performance and survival. The composite diet (Treatment B) could be suitable substrate for mass production of B. germanica for feed and food.Item Entomophagus Response of Indigenous Chicken to Diets Enriched with German Cockroach (Blattela germanica) Meal in Kenya(East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2023-05-16) Ngaira, V.M.; Wambui, C.C.; Mosi, R.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Wachira, A.M.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation – Naivasha & Kakamega ; Maseno UniversityFeeding accounts for 65-70% of cost production in a chicken enterprise. Fishmeal has primarily been used as a source of protein in chicken feed owing to its excellent nutritional value. However, due to its unstable supply and variation in quality, recent studies have focused on finding alternative protein feedstuff, such as edible insects. A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of substituting fishmeal (FM) with Blattela germanica meal (BGM) on the growth of chicks. Seventy-two KALRO improved indigenous chickens (KC), at the grower stage, eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD) feeding trial. Each of the four treatments was replicated three times. Birds were fed on dietary treatments that were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised-treatments TA (87.5% FM, 12.5% BGM), TB (62.5% FM, 37.5% BGM), and TC (50% FM, 50% BGM) TD (100% FM, 0% FM)-Control. Data on daily feed intake and weekly live weight was taken for eight weeks and used to calculate the Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily gain (ADG). Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The feed intake, average daily gain, final weight gain, and feed conversion ratio was not significantly different from the control (P> 0.05). Thus, indigenous chicken fed diet with BGM and fishmeal performed similarly. As such, farmers should be encouraged to incorporate cockroaches as their on-farm feed to reduce the feed cost and increase chicken productivityItem Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization Non-ruminant Research Institute 2022 Annual Report(Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Non-ruminant Research Institute, 2022) Mudeheri, M.A.; Minyatta, E.O.; Ememwa, I.K.; Wayua, F.O.; Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research OrganizationThe Non-Ruminant Research Institute (NRI) is one of the institutes established under the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Act No. 17 of 2013. Its primary objective is to conduct research and offer technical support across the non-ruminant value chain. The main goal of the NRI is to generate appropriate Technologies, Innovations, And Management Practices (TIMPs) that contribute to the sustainability and productivity of the non-ruminant sector. Focused on driving sustainable innovations and cost-effective TIMPs, the NRI aims to enhance the productivity of the non ruminant value chain. This strategic approach is designed to improve the quality of life, and promote equity and wealth creation. The NRI operates two Centres located in Kakamega (headquarters) and Naivasha with additional satellite centres strategically positioned in Msabaha, Mtwapa, Katumani, and Kisii for the future expansion of its activities. Kakamega Research Centre (KALRO Kakamega) is has the mandate to conduct basic, applied and adaptive research on non-ruminants. The centre is committed to achieving enhanced productivity, competitiveness, and improved livelihoods within the non-ruminant sector. Currently, the centre is organized around four thematic research programs, each contributing to the overall realization of its mission: i) Poultry germplasm development, genetic improvement, and multiplication; ii) Piggery germplasm development, genetic improvement and multiplication; iii) Feeds and nutrition research iii) Socioeconomics, policy development, outreach and partnership. In order to address the needs of our stakeholders wholesomely, 80% of the centre’s research and development activities are concentrated around other agricultural value chains such as crops (maize, beans, sweetpotato, cassava, sorghum, rice, finger millet, sorghum), oil crops (soybean, groundnuts), horticulture (fruits and vegetables), forage (Napier, Brachiaria, Guatemala, Panicum), KALRO seed, Natural Resources Management (soil and water management, climate change mitigation), and postharvest management. This annual report is a summary of the Centre’s achievements over a period of one year, and I hope that this will form a basis of disseminating our TIMPs to a wider space. We thank the Director General, KALRO, the National and County Governments, and various donors for supporting the centre in realizing the needs of value chain actors in its mandated areas. We appreciate the staff at NRI Kakamega for working hard during the year to realize these milestones.Item Make Nyirinyiri and Lakuli from Camel Meat to Reduce Hunger and Make Money(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017) Adongo, A.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationNyirinyiri and Lakuli are traditional recipes common among the Somali and Samburu. The same is called Qoche among the Gabra of Northern Kenya. They are ready to eat specialities prepared by women to celebrate homecoming of a husband from a journey. They are also cooked during weddings and other ceremonies within the village.Item Making Tomato Jam(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization , 2024) Ndambuki, J.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Ochieng, V.; Wasilwa, L.A.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationTomato is an important vegetable crop, which is widely grown for home consumption and commercial purposes. However, the crop is faced with a number of challenges including post-harvest losses, which is a major threat to harvested produce. The losses indicate wastage of inputs used during production. Value addition can be a strategic approach to mitigate these losses and maximize the profitability of tomato cultivation. Tomato jam is prepared from fruit pulp, sugar and citric acid. It can maintain quality for up to a year or even longer. The market for tomato jam includes not only individual consumers looking to enhance their home cooking but also restaurants and catering businesses. Makers can establish partnerships with local markets, restaurants, or supermarkets to sell their jam, thus fostering economic growth within their community.Item Making Tomato Powder( Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2024) Ndambuki, J.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Ochieng, V.O.; Wasilwa, L.A.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationTomato powder is created by removing water from tomato slices through drying using dryers, and then crushing them into a powder. The production of tomato powder not only enhances flavor but also extends the shelf life of the product, maintaining its quality for one year or more. The market for tomato powder includes individual consumers seeking to enhance their home cooking, as well as restaurants, catering businesses, and product manufacturers. By processing surplus or lower-grade tomatoes into tomato powder, farmers can add value to their produce and extend its shelf life, thereby reducing post-harvest losses, creating employment, and increasing income. Additionally, they can establish partnerships with local markets, restaurants, or supermarkets to sell their tomato powder products, fostering economic growth within their community while meeting the demand for high-quality, locally sourced ingredients.Item Nutritional Value of German Cockroach Meal (Blattella germanica) as a SuperPRO Feed(Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2022-09-03) Ngaira, V.M.; Wambui, C.C.; Mosi, R.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationEvaluating animal feedstuff is a crucial aspect of animal nutrition and formulation. It provides basic nutritional value information on the quality of conventional feedstuffs and enriches the database with novel feedstuffs. A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of the German cockroach (B. germanica) and the parameters compared to the literature for anchovy fishmeal. Samples of adults and sub-adult B. germanica were analysed for dry matter content, crude protein, ether extracts, minerals, and crude fibre. Samples of sub-adult B. germanica were further analysed for profiles of amino acids and fatty acids and mineral composition. The chemical composition was compared to that documented for of anchovy-fishmeal by calculating parameters such as essential amino acid index, chemical score, and ideal amino acid ratios. The parameters were also compared to those recommended by NRC and GRRS. The dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and ash were 91.40, 56.64, 7.94, 6.05, 4.11 and 89.12, 58.28, 15.03, 5.21, 3.45 for adult and sub-adult, respectively. Whereas crude protein was similar, the crude fat (15.03 %) in nymphs was significantly different from adults (p<0.05). The crude protein level in german cockroaches was lower than that of anchovy fishmeal. Polyunsaturated fatty acid in nymph B. germanica accounted for 70 % of crude fat, dominated by oleic acid (35.90 %). All the essential amino acids were present, with leucine (3.14 mg/g) and methionine (0.65 mg/g) being the highest and lowest, respectively. The essential amino acid index of anchovy fishmeal (1.83) is better than cockroach meal (1.73). The level of essential amino acids in B. germanica exceeded the ideal amino acid ratios prescribed by NRC and GRRS for broiler chicken. Although the nutritional value of B. germanica is lower than of fishmeal, but is sufficient to as alternative chicken feed.Item Reduce Camel Milk Spoilage Using Simple Cooling Technology(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017) Adongo, A.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Kuria, S.G.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationMore fresh milk is available for consumption and sale to a large number of consumers. but gets spoilt before reaching market. Simple cooling technology is therefore required in areas with no chilling facilities. This simple cooling technology is a fabric made from sisal fibre. Clean sisal hemp is wrapped around metal milk can. The hemped container is soaked in clean water for at least 30 minutes before the milk is introduced. Soaking the container after wrapping assist in cooling the milk through evaporation.Item Tomato Sauce(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2024) Ndambuki, J.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Ochieng, V.; Wasilwa, L.A.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization - MugugaTomato is an important vegetable crop in Kenya, widely grown for home consumption and commercial purposes. However, the crop faces a number of challenges, including post-harvest losses, which are a major threat to harvested produce. The presence of losses in a crop indicates waste of resources that were put in place during production.Value addition can be a strategic approach to mitigate these losses and maximize the profitability of tomato cultivation. Tomato sauce, made from tomatoes and spices, is usually served a condimet for many dishes. The production of tomato sauce improves flavor and extends shelf life. Tomato sauce can maintain its quality for six months or more. The market for tomato sauce encompasses not only individual consumers looking to enhance their home cooking but also restaurants and catering businesses. By processing surplus or lower-grade tomatoes into tomato sauce, farmers can add value to their produce and extend its shelf life, thereby reducing post-harvest losses, creating employment, and increasing income. Additionally, they can establish partnerships with local markets, restaurants, or supermarkets to sell their tomato sauce products, fostering economic growth within their community while meeting the demand for high-quality, locally sourced ingredients.Item Use of Crates During Packaging, Storage, Transport, and Marketing of Mangoes(KALRO - Food Crops Research Center, 2024) Ndambuki, J.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Magogo, J.; Odhiambo, H.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationPackaging is enclosing food produce or product to protect it from mechanical injuries, tampering, and contamination from physical, chemical, and biological sources. Packaging simplifies the handling, transport, and distribution of products to the final consumers. Plastic crates specifically nestable and collapsible can be used to package mango fruits during storage and transportation to minimize mechanical damage. The reasons of using plastic crates includes; their reuseablity, reduced postharvest losses and alleviation of human drudgery.
