Browsing by Author "French, M. H."
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Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein By The Ruminant(1957) French, M. H.; Glover, J.The role of crude fibre in modifying the general equation relating the digestibility coefficient of crude protein to the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of a feed is described.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein by the Ruminant: II. the General Equation and Some of its Implications(1957) Glover J.; French, M. H.; Duthie D. W.The general equation, y= 70 log x− 15, connecting y, the digestibility coefficient, to x, the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of the feed of ruminants, which was proposed in an earlier paper, has been shown to fit all the directly determined world data for cattle, sheep and goats which have been published by Schneider (1947). It is applicable to rations composed of both single and mixed feeds for it is the total percentage of crude protein in the ration which determines its digestibility. The equation is of general application, irrespective …Item The carotene and Vitamin A values of colostrum from high-grade Cows(1943) French, M. H.; Mpwapa, Tanganyika TerritoryWhilst investigating some of the reasons for the constitutional failure of pure-bred and high-grade Ayrshire cattle at Mpwapwa, it was considered of interest to determine if the young calves were able to obtain from their dams adequate supplies of carotene and vitamin A. As is well known, the liver reserves of vitamin A are very 'small at birth' and it is essential that young calves should receive large quantities of this vitamin or its precursors as soon as possible after birth. Colostrum is the normal channel by which large supplies are transferred from the dam to her offspring and this article records the values found for the colostrum of four high-grade and one pure-bred Ayrshire. The figures obtained are then compared with similar findings in Scotland to see if the locally born high-grade calf is at a disadvantage units early days when compared with pure-bred calves born in a temperate zone.Item Cattle Problems in Uganda Breeding(1955) French, M. H.; Head of the Joint Animal Industry Division of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization: East African Veterinary Research OrganizationTHE history of mankind is intimately associated with the development of farming and, among man's earlier efforts towards achieving a settled communal life were the domestication of livestock and the tillage of land. While it is impossible to state categorically that animal domestication always preceded land cultivation, contemporary evidence from existing primitive communities suggests that the taming and subsequent domestication of animals generally preceded soil cultivation and the anchoring of human populations by crop husbandry. Reference to historical records, as well as investigations into the habits of contemporary primitive peoples, suggest an absence of deliberate attempts to conserve natural fodders or to grow food for livestock. Instead, as primitive man developed (to a nomadic existence), his flocks and herds were driven slowly over the available natural pasturage in search of food and it is probable that, like many Africans today, these early human ancestors did not clear weeds, shrubs and trees from land nor crop it, until they were fairly certain they could reap adequate returns for their labours.Item The Comparative Feeding Values of Grass When Fed Green, as Hay, and as Silage(1993) French, M. H.The conservation of green grass either as silage or hay results in a loss of nutrient matter. The dry matters of these two foods are of less nutritive value than the dry matter of the original grass. The feeding value of silage is at least as high as that of hay, and may be even higher. A farmer wishing to conserve grass can make either silage or hay and get very similar amounts of nutrients. Labour costs and climatic considerations will determine which method is used; but it may be stressed that silage has the vitamin-containing succulence of green foods and so possesses added value for the dry-season feeding of certain types of stock.Item Comparative Trials at Mpwapwa with Leguminous Crops of Value in Feeding Live Stock(May, 1939) French, M. H.; Veterinary Department Tanganyika TerritoryMaharage beans (a form of Phaseolus vulgaris), peas, pigeon peas and buckwheat are not economic crops under the dry conditions of the Central Province; a drought resistant variety of Glycine is required and the merits of cowpeas, dolichos beans and velvet beans for hay yields are compared, in which the superiority of cowpeas is established.-M.H.Item The compositions and nutritive values of Tanganyika feeding stuffs(1942) French, M. H.; Veterinary Laboratory,Mpwapwa, Tanganyika TerritoryAnimal husbandry in the tropics is still in its infancy but, like all vigorously developing and healthy infants, it has already .abandoned many unprofitable exploratory avenues which once seemed attractive. The science is making rapid headway and so, backed by the knowledge and experience gained by previous worker’s, it is easy to criticize the Often erroneous ideals and efforts of the pioneers and, though I refer to past erroneous. Hypotheses, it is only to' Show their bearing on recent Tanganyika work.Item The Conservation of Green Fodders for the Dry-Season Feeding of Stock(1938) French, M. H.There are three main methods of fodder conservation open to natives as well as to European farmers in Tanganyika. The European settler could use any of these methods but the native still has to be educated to them. A simple system of rotational grazing properly organized and controlled is the first method which should be encouraged in native communities. This system conserves the fodder in situ without labour, but it is wasteful of valuable nutrients. Once the value of this method has been proved to a native community, haymaking should be encouraged. The third method of fodder conservation, the making of silage, will not be introduced successfully into native husbandry until the native has been educated to appreciate quality not only in his animals but in their products.Item The development of feeding standards for cattle(1954) French, M. H.; Joint Animal Industry Division, E.A. Agriculture and Forestry Research: Organization and E.A. Veterinar)' Research Organization; Joint Animal Industry Division, East African Agriculture and Forestry Research: Organization and East African Veterinary Research OrganizationAt the end of the 17th century autumn slaughtering was the traditional practice in Europe because farmers were then unable to feed many stock through the winter. Consequently, livestock quality remained poor and improvement was practically impossible until such time as the enclosures gave farmers the assurance that their fodder crops would be reserved for their own stock and not be consumed by their neighbours' communally grazed animals. Once systems were devised for growing fodder crops and conserving them for winter use, improvements in size, early maturity and productivity of cattle automatically became possible. During the 18th century, when cattle weights at Smithfield were doubled, the need arose for better systems of feeding and for more knowledge on economic methods of rationing. In particular, farmers wished to know the "replacement" values of feeding-stuffs so that, if one component of the diet became unavailable, it could be replaced by another without affecting the, productivity of the ration.Item Factors Affecting Animal Nutrition In Tanganyika*(1951) French, M. H.The need for studying the feeding of livestock is based, ultimately, on the need for animal products to counteract deficiencies in human dietaries. That this is an urgent need is• obvious to everyone when it is remembered that the 2,300 million human population of the world is showing a net increase of 20 million per year or two extra mouths to feed every three seconds. As long ago as 1798, Malthus pointed out that the human population was increasing at a greater rate than its ability to feed itself and it is unfortunately true that the greatest rate of population increase is occurring in the less enlightened areas where the' standards of agricultural production are low. A recent census has shown that less than one-third of the earth's surface is climatically suitable for crop growth and that less than 10 per cent is being cultivated. Much of the cultivated area is being used for purposes other than the production of foods. Foods from arable land may supply the fats, carbohydrates and most of the proteins required by man, but a number of accessory food constituents are needed for growth and the maintenance of health. These additional substances are largely supplied by animal products and, although the quantities of milk and meat required are not large, their effects are considerable.Item The Failure of Pure and High-Grade European Cattle in Hot Climates(1941) French, M. H.During the last two years there has been a Considerable increase in the literature dealing with the effects of climate on animal production. Many authors have discussed the reactions of European cattle in hot climates, and a brief discussion of this problem will be of value to stockowners in East Africa.Item The feeding falues of green lucerne and lucerne hay.(1943) French, M. H.; Veterinary Laboratory, Mwapwa, Tanganyika TerritorySeasonal droughts cause the natural grazings to dry off and become of low feeding value so that difficulties are then experienced in maintaining the productivity of high-grade stock (e.g. dairy cows). Progressive farmers attempt to minimize the effects of the dry season by growing green crops under irrigation and Lucerne is usually one of the fodders cultivated. The object of this article is to record the results of an investigation into the feeding values of green lucerne (0) wl:.en grown during the rainy season when growth is vigorous, (b) when grown under irrigation during the height of the dry season when growth is less vigorous, and (c) when the crop is cut just as the plants commence flowering instead of just after flowering has started. In addition, the feeding value of lucerne hay, made from plants grown during the wet season, was also determined because there is ample green food available during the rains and lucerne grown at that time will be of greater value if converted into a reserve fodder for use in the dry season.Item The Feeding of Cottonseed to Pigs(1942) French, M. H.; Veterinary Laboratory, Mpwapwa, Tanganyika Territory"Cottonseed is not normally regarded as a pig food but the value of this product for all classes of stock has been under investigation for a number of years and it seemed advisable to publish these figures. Cottonseed has been fed to pigs by this Department in various experiments and in one case to all mature female for a period of six months without any other type of food, with no symptoms of poisoning. It seems therefore that in certain instances cottonseed could form a valuable supplement for brood sows, but only small quantities should be tried because of the many reported instances of gossypol poisoning in swine following the feeding of cottonseed meal or cake."Item Further Observations on Poultry(1942) French, M. H.The following observations continue a previous article 1 which dealt entirely with pure-bred fowls in this Territory and summarize detailed results obtained with native and first-cross European and native birds. There is also a section dealing with growth rates of different types of birds and another with the storage of eggs so as to reduce deterioration in quality.Item Live-Weight Changes of Cattle in East Africa(1957) French, M. H.; Ledger, H. P.; Animal Industry Division: E.A.A.F.R.O.: E.A.V.R.O.I. Details are given of the differential responses of 2-tooth and 4-tooth grade oxen and full-mouthed Zebu steers to productive nutritional planes following pre-experimental treatments on sub-maintenance, maintenance, and super maintenance diets. 2. Considerable diversity was encountered in the average results from groups of five animals, all of which had been herded together for 6 months prior to the pre-experimental period. It is suggested that larger groups should be used for experimental studies in East Africa. 3. In choosing groups of oxen for grazing studies, care must be exercised to avoid the formation of groups which have been on different nutritional levels prior to the experimental period. 4. The bearing of the results obtained on management practice and breeding work in East Africa is discussed.Item Livestock Feeds into Human Foods(1954) French, M. H.The standard of living of a community is reflected in its quantitative consumption of protective foods and animal products of high biological value because they contribute, not only essential amino acids lacking from vegetable proteins, but because their consumption usually runs parallel to the intake of the vitamin B complex. Over much of East Africa, conditions of subsistence peasant farming persist on soils of reduced fertility, and arable land utilization is then directed towards the production of energy-forming diets, which are often deficient in proteins, minerals and vitamins. Population increases are creating greater demands for food, and many exhausted lands are being kept in cultivation whilst new, and often unsuitable, marginal areas are being broken. For sociological reasons, the African desires large numbers of stock, irrespective of their productivity, and so in congested areas these rival claims can lead to acute problems in land usage.Item Livestock feeds into human foods(1954) French, M. H.; Joint Animal Industry Division of East African Agricultural and Forestry Research Organization, East African Veterinary Research Organization.The standard of living of a community is reflected in its quantitative consumption of Protective foods and animal products of high biological value because they contribute, not only essential amino acids lacking from vegetable proteins, but because their consumption usually runs parallel to the intake of the vitamin B complex. Over much of East Africa, conditions of subsistence peasant farming persist on soils of reduced fertility, and arable land utilization is then directed towards the production of energy-forming diets, which are often deficient in proteins, minerals and vitamins. Population increases are creating greater demands for food, and many exhausted lands are being kept in cultivation whilst new, and often unsuitable. Marginal areas are being broken. For sociological reasons, the African desires large numbers of stock, irrespective of their productivity, and so in congested areas these rival claims can lead to acute problems in land usage.Item Local Millets as Substitutes for Maize in the Feeding of Domestic Animals(1948) French, M. H.; East African Production and Supply CouncilAs a result of changing social conditions greater quantities of maize are being sought, for nutritional purposes, by Africans who formerly lived largely on millets. Consequently many marginal areas, which receive only a small or a badly distributed rainfall and which are therefore more suited for millet production are now being planted with maize. As would be expected, the yields are erratic and unreliable and there is a greater demand for maize grov-vn in the normal maize-producing areas. During recent years flourishing poultry and pig producing'units have been built up, and the chief foodstuff demanded by these enterprises is maize meal. A vicious circle is therefore being created by the greatly increased demands for maize for both human and animal nutrition whilst at the same time, because of the increasing tendency to plant maize on land which should be seeded with millet, the production of millet is lower and this deficit imposes a further demand on the available maize supplies. If, as is anticipated, there is a continued increase in the demands for these foods, the maximum amount of maize and millet grains will have to be produced and, to achieve this, potentially good millet-producing land should not be planted with maize. African nutritional requirements will probably draw increasingly on the, maize grown in suitable maize-Producing districts and this will be followed by a greater diversion of millet grains, from the areas suitable for millet growing,. to help meet the needs of enterprises producing animal products. The feeders of live stock in East Africa are not all familiar with the nutritive values of the various local millet grains nor of the extent to which they can replace maize in animal rations. The object of this article is therefore to indicate to what classes of livestock and in what quantities millet grains can be successfully fed. It also describes the results of experiments, conducted. at the Mpwapwa Veterinary Research Laboratory, Tanganyika, on the feeding value of local white millet (mtama) and Bulrush millet (mawe le).Item A Lower Protein Ration for Fattening Bacon Pics(1942) French, M. H.In East Africa there are two main sources of animal protein available for pig feeding, namely separated milk and meat meal. The majority of pig farmers in Tanganyika have insufficient separated milk for this purpose and are consequently forced to rely on meat meal imported from Kenya: Now transport charges are very high, with the result that meat meal is an expensive item in the pig dietary.Item Nomenclature and Classification of Hides and Skins(1949) French, M. H.Sheep and goat skins are beginning to be partially processed in East Africa and sold overseas in the "pickled" form. "Pickled" skins are the "pelts", after passing through the various beam-house operations but before undergoing any tanning processes.
