Browsing by Author "Mutoko, C."
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Item Climate Smart Agriculture Trainer of Trainers Manual(KALRO, 2019-04) Okoti, M.; Esilaba, A. O.; Ketiem, P. K; Mutoko, C.; Kimani, S.The purpose of this training of trainer’s module is to familiarize extension officers, lead farmers and service providers on the Climate Smart Agriculture manual content and empower them to train farmers. This will enable them to impart knowledge on appropriate technologies, innovations and management practices that will help the farmers and other agricultural stakeholders in hedge their agricultural activities against climate change risks. Climate change is real and has become an impediment to sustainable development globally. Climate change has a range of positive and negative impacts in agriculture depending on the regions of the world. The negative impacts are expected to be more adverse in developing countries, particularly those in sub-Saharan Africa such as Kenya which has experienced increasing temperatures from 1960’s coupled with increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as El Niño and La Niña. Effects of the negative impacts include declining agricultural productivity; land degradation; loss of crops, livestock and fish due to changing temperatures and precipitation regimes and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events.Item Effect of Tillage, Liming, and Cropping Systems on Maize Yields in Different Agroecological Zones in Kenya(East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 2023) Githunguri, C.M.; Esilaba, A.O.; Okoti, M.; Mutuma, E.; Miriti, J.; Nyongesa, D.; Thuranira, E.; Koech, M.; Mutoko, C.; Ndungu, K.; Ooro, P.; Ketiem, P.; Mwangi, H.; Woyengo, V.; Odendo, M.; Ashiono, G.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization(KALRO)Negative effects induced by climate change have contributed to reduced global yields of maize. There is therefore need to endow farmers with innovative and transformative climate smart agriculture technologies to urgently address food insecurity and the realities of climate change in cereal growing regions of Kenya. Technologies have been generated for improved maize and beans production and their impact has not been fully felt. In this study, technologies and innovations on tillage, liming and cropping systems that can improve maize and beans production were evaluated and demonstrated to farmers in different agro-ecological zones in Kenya with the aim of enhancing their adoption. Trials were established at KALRO-Njoro, KALRO-Kakamega, KALRO-Kitale, Baraton University, and Mabanga Agricultural Training Centre, in Nakuru, Kakamega, Trans-Nzoia, Nandi, and Bungoma Counties, respectively. The tillage treatments evaluated included conventional, tied ridges, minimum and zero tillage planted in plots applied with 2 t/ha of lime or without lime. The cropping systems evaluated were maize intercropped with beans or sole cropped maize. A split-split plot design with four replications was used. Results indicated that conventional, tied ridges, and minimum tillage produced higher (P<0.05) yields than the zero tillage with or without lime irrespective of the cropping system in Nakuru, Nandi and Trans-Nzoia Counties. In Nandi, Kakamega and Bungoma Counties, there were no differences (P>0.05) between the four tillage systems.Item KALRO-KCEP Climate Smart Agriculture Training and Extension Manual(Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)., 2016-04) Okoti, M.; Esilaba, A.O.; Ketiem, P.K.; Mutoko, C.; Kimani, S.; Mwathi, J.W.; Githunguri, C.; Nyongesa, D.; Miriti, J.; Nassiuma, E.; Gitari, J.; Ooro, P.A.; Murage, P.M.; Murage, P.M.; Koech, M.; Thuranira, E.; Ashiono, G.; Rono, B.; Kamau, G.; Njaimwe, A.; Gachuki, P.; Maina, I.; Masinde, W.; Macharia, D.; Waithaka, M.; Barkutwo, J.; Mwenda, M.; Ringera, J.M.; Onyango, E.M.; Karanja, J.; Kamidi, M.; Wanjekeche, E.; Woyengo, V.; Odendo, M.; Kipkemoi, P.L.; Magiroi, K.N.; Mwangi, H.; Chebosonwy, R.; Macharia, M.; Wanyonyi, M.; Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)A significant variation either in the mean state of the climate or its variability, persisting for a period not less than 30 years. Climate change and variability is attributed to both natural and man-made induced causes. In the last 2 decades, causes attributed directly or indirectly to human activity have significantly altered the climate system through the greenhouse gas emissions. It is now evident that the globe is warming and the mean surface temperature has tremendously increased.Item KALRO-KCEP Curriculum for Training of Trainers(Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, 2016-03) Esilaba, A.O.; Githunguri, C.; Nyongesa, D.; Okoti, M.; Miriti, J.; Nassiuma, E; Wamaitha, M.; Kamau, G.; Kimani, S.; Karanja, J.; Macharia, D.; Njaimwe, A.; Gachuki, P.; Rono, B.; Mutoko, C.; Masinde, W.; Gitari, J.; Ooro, P.A.; Murage, P.M.; Kamidi, M.; Mwenda, M.; Waithaka, M.; Ketiem, P.K.; Maina, I.; Ringera, J.M.; Wanjekeche, E.; Gitari, I.; Masilia, P.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationThe KCEP specific objectives are to support smallholder farmers’ graduate from subsistence to commercial agriculture, enhance post-production management practices and develop market linkages for targeted value chains. Among various other programme roles, KALRO is responsible for the development and, updating of extension materials and guidelines in addition to building the capacity of key stakeholders. Eight training of trainers’ (TOT) workshops covering Nakuru, Kakamega, Nandi, Trans-Nzoia, Bungoma, Machakos, Makueni and Tharaka Nithi counties have been designed to build the capacity of lead farmers, extension agents and service providers who will in turn train the farmers in their respective areas. This curriculum has been developed to guide facilitators who will be involved in the ToTs program planned for the various project areas. The training will be accomplished through lectures, field exercises, practical sessions, role-plays and other adult learning techniques. The curriculum describes the step by step process that will be followed to train on farming as a business (FAB), climate smart agriculture (CSA), soil fertility management, Maize, millet (Pearl and finger) and sorghum and pulses (beans) production and marketing in Kenya.Item KALRO-KCEP Farming as Business Training and Extension Manual(Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization (KALRO), 2016-04) Rono, B.; Nyongesa, D.; Esilaba, A.O.; Masinde, W.; Mutoko, C.; Mwenda, M.; Waithaka, M.; Mwathi, J.W.; Githunguri, C.; Okoti, M.; Nassiuma, E.; Miriti, J.; Maina, I.; Ketiem, P.K.; Kamidi, M.; Wanjekeche, E.; Woyengo, V.; Odendo, M.; Kipkemoi, P.L.; Magiroi, K.N.; Mwangi, H.; Chebosonwy, R.; Macharia, M.; Wanyonyi, M.; Gitari, J.; Ooro, P.A.; Murage, P.M.; Koech, M.; Thuranira, E.; Ashiono, G.; Kamau, G.; Njaimwe, A.; Gachuki, P.; Macharia, D.; Barkutwo, J.; Ringera, J.M.; Onyango, E.M.; Karanja, J.; Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research OrganizationMost farmers are subsistence oriented and mainly strive to produce food for their households only. However, farmers play a great role, including contributing to food and nutrition security and generating income for their household needs. There is therefore a great need to empower farmers increased participation in embracing farming as a business. A business is viewed as a commercial activity, which operates with the intention of making a profit, by provision of services or commodities to meet needs and wants of customers. This requires changing the mind-set of most farmers from producing only for subsistence use to becoming commercially oriented.Item KALRO-KCEP Soil Fertility Management Training and Extension Manual(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2016-04) Miriti, J.; Nassiuma, E.; Gitari, J.; Murage, P.M.; Koech, M.; Thuranira, E.; Ashiono, G.; Esilaba, A.O.; Mwathi, J.W.; Nyongesa, D.; Githunguri, C.; Okoti, M.; Rono, B.; Ketiem, P.K.; Kimani, S.; Kamau, G.; Njaimwe, A.; Gachuki, P.; Maina, I.; Mutoko, C.; Masinde, W.; Macharia, D.; Waithaka, M.; Barkutwo, J.; Mwenda, M.; Ringera, J.M.; Ooro, P.A.; Onyango, E.M.; Karanja, J.; Kamidi, M.; Wanjekeche, E.; Woyengo, V.; Odendo, M.; Kipkemoi, P.L.; Magiroi, K.N.; Mwangi, H.; Chebosonwy, R.; Macharia, M.; Wanyonyi, M.Soil is composed of mineral particles, weathering products of the parent material, and organic matter, (e.g. residues from plants and animals), air and soil water. The solid particles are categorized size into: gravel and stones (>2 mm in diameter), sand (2.0 to 0.02 mm), silt (0.02 to 0.002 mm) and clay (< 0.002 mm). Soil properties are dependent on the relative composition and arrangement of soil particles.l texture is the relative proportions of sand, silt and clay contained in a soil. Soils are described as sands, sandy loams, loams, clay loams, clays depending on their texture.Item KCEP - Maize Production Training and Extension Manual(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2016-08) Karanja, J.K.; Mwathi, J.W.; Ooro, P.A.; Esilaba, A.O.; Nyongesa, D.; Kamidi, M.; Wanjekeche, E.; Macharia, D.; Waithaka, M.; Woyengo, V.; Barkutwo, J.; Githunguri, C.; Kamau, G.; Miriti, J.; Nassiuma, E; Masinde, W.; Mwenda, M.; Njaimwe, A.; Macharia, M.; Gitari, J.; Murage, P.M.; Koech, M.; Thuranira, E.; Ashiono, G.; Rono, B.; Ketiem, P.K.; Kimani, S.; Gachuki, P.; Wanyonyi, M.; Maina, I.; Mutoko, C.; Ringera, J.M.; Odendo, M.; Kipkemoi, P.L.; Chebosonwy, R.; Magiroi, K.N.; Mwangi, H.; Onyango, E.M.The scientific name for maize is Zea mays; but for the purpose of this manual it will be referred to as maize. This production manual is a guide on growing maize successfully in different agro-ecological areas of Kenya, in a rain fed system not under irrigation. However, many principles of agronomy are relevant to both irrigated and rainfed farming systems. Maize is a staple food in Kenya, accounting for an average production of 4.4 million tonnes for the period 2010 to 2013 (FAO, 2015). It contributes to about 65% of daily per capita cereal consumption and serves as subsistence and a commercial crop grown on an estimated 1.4 million hectares. Maize production accounts for more than 20% of the total agricultural production and 25% of agricultural employment in the country. It is an important source of carbohydrate, protein, iron, vitamin B, and minerals. Maize products include baked, roasted and boiled fresh maize on the cob, porridge, pastes, beer, starch, oil and livestock feed from by-products of fresh and dry maize grain. This manual outlines important maize-crop agronomy and provides information on the methodology and technology that farmers may be able to utilise to grow maize in Kenya. Climate change, increased human activities, pathogen and vector evolution have increased the spread of invasive pests and diseases in maize farming systems in Kenya. The country has faced severe disease and pest outbreaks that impact on the country’s food security. Heavy attacks of loses of as much as 100% have been reported due to Maize lethal necrosis disease and fall armyworm. The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provides maize farmers with management options to reduce pesticides use in the management of pest and diseases. Precise and prompt pest and disease detection are vital for their prevention or management. After harvesting their crop, farmers in Kenya face challenges of poor grain handling and management, leading to 30% of post-harvest losses, translating to more than US$ 4 billion losses per annum (Hodges et al., 2011). They also market their grain at low price at harvest time forcing households to buy grains for family consumption when prices increase. Post-harvest losses lead to insufficient food supply, even when crop yields and land under cultivation have been increasing. This is partly due to lack of knowledge on appropriate methods of grain storage. This post- 11 harvest management component will support farmers in securing high returns from investments on grain production. This is through adoption of improved on-farm grain handling practices to minimize post-harvest losses and enhanced access to markets offering favourable terms. This manuals’ goal is to reduce post-harvest losses from the current estimated 30% to industry accepted levels of below 5%. This will lead to usage of certified warehouse system by farmers to bulk and sell their produce at a price 30% higher than prevailing farm gate price. systems in Kenya. The country has faced severe disease and pest outbreaks that impact on the country’s food security. Heavy attacks of loses of as much as 100% have been reported due to Maize lethal necrosis disease and fall armyworm. The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) provides maize farmers with management options to reduce pesticides use in the management of pest and diseases. Precise and prompt pest and disease detection are vital for their prevention or management. After harvesting their crop, farmers in Kenya face challenges of poor grain handling and management, leading to 30% of post-harvest losses, translating to more than US$ 4 billion losses per annum (Hodges et al., 2011). They also market their grain at low price at harvest time forcing households to buy grains for family consumption when prices increase. Post-harvest losses lead to insufficient food supply, even when crop yields and land under cultivation have been increasing. This is partly due to lack of knowledge on appropriate methods of grain storage. This post- 11 harvest management component will support farmers in securing high returns from investments on grain production. This is through adoption of improved on-farm grain handling practices to minimize post-harvest losses and enhanced access to markets offering favourable terms. This manuals’ goal is to reduce post-harvest losses from the current estimated 30% to industry accepted levels of below 5%. This will lead to usage of certified warehouse system by farmers to bulk and sell their produce at a price 30% higher than prevailing farm gate price.
