Browsing by Author "Nginyi, J.M."
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Item Animal welfare during slaughter and causes of organ condemnation in livestock slaughtered in Eastern Kenya(veterinary Record, 2014) Ndirangu, P.N.; Ithinji, D.G.; Muturi, J.M.; Ireri, R.G.; Kabugi, J.W.; Nginyi, J.M.In order of determine the status of animal welfare during slaughter and to identify major causes of condemnation of edible organs in slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats and camels a croos-sectional slaughterhouse survey was conducted in Eastern region of Kenya, where a total of 11 slaughterestablishments were visited.Item An Appraisal of Livestock Marketing, Grazing Management and Helminth Control Practices amongst Smallholder Farms in Nyeri District, Kenya(1983) Omore, A.O.; Gatongi, P.M.; Duncan, J.L.; Nginyi, J.M.; Peeler, E.; Mellor, D.J.; Wanyangu, S.W.; Emongor, E.; Bain, R.K.A cross-sectional study to appraise existing livestock marketing practices, grazing management and current helminth control strategies in smallholder farms in Mathira Division of Nyeri District, Kenya, was carried out to provide preliminary data for a long-term epidemiological investigation of helminth infections in domestic ruminants. Rapid rural appraisals were carried out with the local veterinarians and animal health assistants to provide information on livestock marketing and current and recommended helminth control strategies. A questionnaire survey of local farmers was also carried out on 116 randomly selected smallholder farms to investigate livestock management and helminth control practices. The main findings were as follows: First, livestock sales were related to specific cash demands with no structured production or marketing strategies or targets for age and weight at offtake. Secondly, the majority of ruminants were kept on pasture most of the time with a high proportion (>50%) grazing on communal pastures. Thirdly, local farmers relied on anthelmintics alone for helminth control, treating small ruminants 1-4 times (mean 3.3) and cattle 1-8 times (mean 3.5) a year. Based on these findings, it was considered that the generation of local epidemiological information on helminth infections would allow the development of appropriate anthelmintic treatment strategies which could reduce the frequency of drenching and be therefore more cost effective.Item Control of Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in the Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya(2002) Nginyi, J.M.; Gatongi, P.M.; Rugut, M.K.; Wanyangu, S.W.; Wamae, L.W.A background to epidemiological aspects of gastrointestinal nematode infections in the arid and semi-arid areas is essential. The rainfall distribution in these areas is uneven during the year. This means that there are times when grazing is in short supply and animals suffer from nutritional stress. Chronic helminth conditions are common in these areas due a slow build-up of worm burdens coupled with poor feeding. Tichostrongylus, Haemonchus, and Oesophagostomum can all be present resulting in a generalized parasitic gastroenteritis. During the dry season, the invading larvae (L3) may enter a period of delayed development in the animals. This phenomenon, called hybobiosis, is an adaptive characteristic that facilitates the survival of H. contortus and subsequent transmission in semi-arid areas of Kenya. Essentially, this phenomenon allows the persistence of larval stages in the host in a physiologically inert form that resumes development when conditions become conducive for transmission. The stocking rates in most areas are low although this may not be the case in areas around the watering places and the bomas. Toxocara may be encountered in young suckling calves.Item Diagnosis of Stilesia Hepatica Infection in Sheep(1993) Nginyi, J.M.; Onyango , J.A.; Harrison, L.J.S.A technique for examining faecal samples for Stilesia hepatica proglottids was assessed for diagnosis of this infection in live sheep. It detected infection in 67% of all the sheep that were confirmed infected by examining the livers during meat inspection and in 63% of sheep from a farm with a history of up to 100% infection rate at slaughter. It is 100% specific since it relied on the morphological identification of S. hepatica proglottids, which are characteristic. In addition it detected Avitellina centripunctata proglottids.Item Epidemiology of parasitic gastrointestinal nematode infections of ruminants on smallholder farms in central Kenya(2001) Nginyi, J.M.; Duncan, J.L.; Mellor, D.J.; Stears, M.J.; Wanyangu, S.W.; Bain, R.K.; Gatongi, P.M.In order to establish the infection pattern with gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants in the central Kenya highlands, a study was carried out in 58 smallholder farms. The study involved monthly faecal examinations from sheep, goats and cattle and pasture sampling from eight communal grazing areas. Each month, six Dorper worm-free tracer lambs were introduced and four locally grazed cross-bred sheep were purchased for parasite recovery. The mean faecal egg counts (FEC) for cattle were low throughout the study period, whereas those for sheep and goats showed a seasonal pattern with high levels of infection occurring during the two main rainy seasons, especially in March, April and October. There were significant differences in egg counts over time and among farms. Haemonchus contortus was the most prevalent nematode in the tracer lambs whereas the previously exposed locally grazed sheep had significantly lower numbers of H contortus but significantly higher numbers of Trichostrongylus species The highest levels of infection in the tracer lambs occurred in November 1995 and January, May and June 1996. Based on this study, it is now possible to explore the possibility of using strategic treatments for the control of parasitic gastroenteritis in this area of Kenya. ©2001 Harcourt Publishers LtdItem An estimate of the economic impact of fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats in Kenya(1991) Wanyangu, S.W.; Nginyi, J.M.; Wamae, L.W.; Mugambi, J.M.This article reviews on prevalence, and economic losses associated with fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats. It relates some of the findings in the literature on the economic impact of F hepatica and applies this to situations as they occur in Kenya where F gigantica is the main infecting species to livestock. Based on the livestock numbers, the pathology and related losses associated with faciolosis, it is estimated that a total of US$ 68,207,646 is lost annually as a result of Fasiola infection in livestock in Kenya.Item An estimate of the economic impact of fasciolosis In cattle, sheep and goats in Kenya(1966) Wanyangu, S.W.; Nginyi, J.M.; Wamae, L.W.; Mugambi, J.M.; Peeler, E.This article reviews on prevalence and economic losses associated with fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats. It relates some of the findings in the literature on the economic impact of F hepatica and applies this to situations as they occur in Kenya where F gigantlca is the main infecting species to livestock. Based on the livestock numbers, the pathology and related losses associated with faciolosis, it is estimated that a total of US$ 68,207,646 is lost annually as a result of Fasiola infection in livestock in Kenya.Item KARI/VRC/CRAC Proceedings July 2008(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 2008) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; Mugambi, J.M.; Nginyi, J.M.; Wamae, L.W.; Kinyua, J.K.; Wafula, E.I welcome you all (staff and visitors) to this year's Centre Research Advisory Committee (CRAC) meeting. This is an event in the research cycle of KARI that is meant to shape our research proposals. We must therefore take it seriously. We are now adopting a value-chain approach to research. According to Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia a value chain is a chain of activities. Products pass through all activities in the chain so that at each activity the product gains some value. The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum of added values of individual activities. In order for this to happen, we must carry out research as a multi-disciplinary team for a mix of expertise and different comparative advantages. We must also have market information to ensure that the products of our research have outlets.Item Management of Roundworms in Dairy Calves(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017) Nginyi, J.M.; Mugambi, J.M.; Njanja, J.C.; Ogali, I.N.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationRoundworms in dairy calves (aged up to 1 year) are found in the stomach, small and large intestines and they feed from their hosts. They lay eggs that are passed out in droppings to develop into effective larvae on pasture. They are categorised into three main groups namely tapeworms, flukes and roundworms. Tapeworms and flukes are generally flat and hence are collectively also known as flatworms.Item Mastitis Therapy in Western and Central Parts of Kenya: Veterinary Service Providers' Perspective(The Kenya Veterinary Association, 2014) Ndirangu, P.N.; Wesonga, H.O.; Siamba, D.; Mugambi, J.M.; Nginyi, J.M.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in Kakamega and Kiambu counties of Western and Central Kenya respectively, to determine the category of veterinary practitioners involved in mastitis treatment, diagnostic methods used, the antibiotics used and their effectiveness. A total of 69 questionnaires were administered to veterinary service providers. In Kakamega County 13/24 (54%) of service providers interviewed were government veterinarians, 10/24 (42%) private veterinary practitioners and 1124 (4%) agrovet owners. Concerning the level of training 18/24 (75%) of them were holders of certificates in animal health and production, 4/24 (17%) degree in veterinary medicine, 1/24 (4%) degree in agriculture and 1/24 (4%) secondary form four. In Kiambu County majority were private veterinarians 35/45 (78%), followed by government veterinarians 8/45 (18%) and agrovet owners 2/45 (4%) where 32/45 (71%) were holders of certificates in animal health and production, 12/45 (27%) degree in veterinary medicine and 1145 (2%) certificate in animal production. Most of the service providers interviewed used clinical signs to diagnose bovine mastitis, where it was the only method used in Kakamega County while in Kiambu County it was used by 40/45 (89%) of the respondents while only 5/45 (11%) used California Mastitis Test. Further, in Kakamega 22/24 (92%) of the respondents did not take samples for laboratory test while in Kiambu 20/45 (44%) did not take samples for laboratory testing. In both counties bovine mastitis was the most treated disease. In Kakamega 22/24 (91.7%) of the respondents used penicillin-streptomycin combination to treat mastitis and 2/24 (8.3%) used tetracycline. In Kiambu County antibiotics used were penicillin-streptomycin combination 36/45 (80%), cephalexine 3/45 (7%), gentamycin 3/45 (7%), ampicillin 1/45 (2%), sulphonamides 1145 (2%) and tetracycline 1145 (2%).Item Mastitis Therapy in Western and Central Parts Of Kenya: Veterinary Service Providers' Perspective(Kenya Agriculture Research Institute, 2013) Ndirangu, P.N.; Wesonga, H.O.; Slamba, D.; Mugambi, J.M.; Nginyi, J.M.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in Kakamega and Kiambu counties of Western and Central Kenya respectively, to determine the category of veterinary practitioners involved in mastitis treatment, diagnostic methods used, the antibiotics used and their effectiveness. A total of 69 questionnaires were administered to veterinary service providers. In Kakamega County 13124 (54%) of service providers interviewed were government veterinarians, 10/24 (42%) private veterinary practitioners and 1124 (4%) agrovet owners. With respect to the level of training 18/24 (75%) of them were holders of certificate in animal health and production, 4/24 (17%) degree in veterinary medicine, 1124 (4%) degree in agriculture and 1124 (4%) secondary form four. In Kiambu county majority were private veterinarians 35/45 (78%), followed by government veterinarians 8/45 (18%) and agrovet owners 2/45 (4%) where 32/45 (71%) were holders of certificate in animal health and production, 12/45 (27%) degree in veterinary medicine and 1145 (2%) certificate in animal production. Most of the service providers interviewed used clinical signs to diagnose bovine mastitis, where it was the only method used in Kakamega County while in Kiambu County it was used by 40/45 (89%) of the respondents while only 5/45 (11%) used California Mastitis Test. Further, in Kakamega 22/24 (92%) of the respondents did not take samples for laboratory test while in Kiambu 20/45 (44%) did not take samples for laboratory testing. In both counties bovine mastitis was the most treated disease. In Kakamega 22/24 (91.7%) of the respondents used penicillin-streptomycin combination to treat mastitis and 2/24 (8.3%) used tetracycline. In Kiambu County antibiotics used were penicillin-streptomycin combination 36/45 (80%), cephalexine 3/45 (7%), gentamycin 3/45 (7%), ampicillin 1/45 (2%), sulphonamides 1145 (2%) and tetracycline 1145 (2%).Item Seasonal transmission of Fasciola gigantica infections and the possibility of a strategic anthelmintic control in an endemic area of central Kenya(1995) Nginyi, J.M.; Duncan, J.L.; Bairden, K.; Wanyangu, S.W.A study to investigate the seasonality of infections with Fasciola gigantica was carried out in Mathira Division of Nyeri District, Kenya from June 1995 to August 1996. Six young Dorper lambs, each less than six months of age. were used as tracers every month for Fasciola infection as they grazed alongside a farmer’s flock. Four adult ewes, permanently grazed on pastures in the study area were also bought from farmers' flocks from the region. These two groups were necropsied after a three and six-week housing period respectively, under worm-free conditions, and the flukes from the livers and lungs were recovered and counted. The tracer lambs had) infections with F gigantica in II out of the 15 months of study with at least half of the group infected in eight months. There were two ' peaks of infections with F: gigantica; August to October 1995 and February to April 1996. The permanent grazers harboured infection in ten out of 15 months, with peak infections in April and July 1996. One ewe had exceptionally high parasite load in July total of 199, with 189 liver flukes in the bile ducts, six in the lungs and.four in the gall bladder). From the results of this study, It IS proposed that one main 'treatment with triclabendazolc instituted in October, when most tracer lambs were. Infected with many F gigantica, can significantly reduce the production losses associated with fasciolosis. Clinical cases could be treated individually whenever they occur during the other times of the year. This proposed treatment regime is intended for areas of the Kenya highlands where fasciolosis is endemic and with similar climatic conditions to the study area.Item Some Studies on the Helminth Collection at the Helminthology Division, NVRC, Muguga.(1988) Nginyi, J.M.; Harrison, L.J.S.; Urquhart, H.R.Helminth parasites cause diseases of extreme importance to humans and domestic and wild animals, resulting in great economic loss. Accurate identification of these parasites is vital in medical, veterinary and biological fields. Correct identification is therefore an important prerequisite for successful treatment and economic control. In recognition of this, the Helminthology Division of NVRC Muguga has established a reference helminth collection with the objective of building a capability for helminth identification by morphological methods. The collection, which includes helminths of both domestic and wild animals, will be available for staff training and research as well as providing a helminth identification service for farmers, veterinarians and researchers.
