Feed and nutrition
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Item Experimental work on pastures in the Trans Nzoia District, Kenya Colony, 1935-36(1937) Halcrow, M.; Department of Agriculture, Kenya ColonyIn many parts of Kenya, including the arable or mixed farming areas, the natural veldt grasses are often coarse and of rather low carrying capacity. The species present are the survivors of the unfavourable treatment which has been accorded to the pasturage by irregular grazing and by the frequent destruction of the herbage in the dry seasons by grass fires, which cause the more delicate (and usually more palatable) species to disappear.Item The Conservation of Green Fodders for the Dry-Season Feeding of Stock(1938) French, M. H.There are three main methods of fodder conservation open to natives as well as to European farmers in Tanganyika. The European settler could use any of these methods but the native still has to be educated to them. A simple system of rotational grazing properly organized and controlled is the first method which should be encouraged in native communities. This system conserves the fodder in situ without labour, but it is wasteful of valuable nutrients. Once the value of this method has been proved to a native community, haymaking should be encouraged. The third method of fodder conservation, the making of silage, will not be introduced successfully into native husbandry until the native has been educated to appreciate quality not only in his animals but in their products.Item Trials with Bromus Marginatus on the Kinangop, Kenya Colony(1943) Etherington, J.We claim no shattering discovery or originality of thought in deliberately putting part of our arable land down to temporary pasture: it is already the standard practice in agriculturally older countries and probably in other districts of Kenya, but it is the first experiment on a fairly large scale on the Kinangop and therefore, perhaps, of general interest.Item Bush Control and Deferred Grazing as Measures to Improve Pastures: Part II(1945) Staples, R. R.; Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Mpwapwa, Tanganyika TerritoryA description is given of a simple enclosure grazing experiment at Mpwapwa started at the end of 1937. The experiment was designed to obtain information on the e1Iect of the control of woody growth (shrubs and trees) on the carrying capacity and quality of pastures under Mpwapwa oonditions and the system of deferred grazing which should be encouraged in these areas. The more important results are summarizedItem More About Grass Leys On The Kinangop, Kenya(1945) Etherington, J.W.Item Composition and Feeding Values of Green Maize, Millet, and Bulrush Millet Cut for Soiling Purposes(1946) French, M.H.; Veterinary Laboratory, Tanganyika TerritoryIn the long dry seasons of this Territory the problem of providing green succulent foods for feeding to high-producing animals, such as heavy milk-producing cows, is very important. Such green foods provide the very necessary carotene (a precursor of vitamin A) required to maintain body reserves at this time of the year when the natural herbage contains practically none. Carotene is converted by farm animals into vitamin A and the maintenance of an adequate reserve of this vitamin is necessary to ensure that high-producing animals remain in sufficiently good health to continue in production at a high rate. Shortage of this vitamin will lead to skin disorders, possible eye troubles, retard the normal growth rate and interfere with reproduction. In addition, the secretion of large volumes of milk, which contains vitamin A and carotene, causes a large drain on the liver reserves of this vitamin. Actually, when the liver reserves become low the quantity of carotene and vitamin A in the milk is curtailed and the nutritive values of the milk and butterfat are correspondingly reduced. Besides the provision of vitamin A, green foods exert a very beneficial effect on the tone of the digestive system, thereby promoting the better utilization of the dried roughage which form the bulk of the ration in the dry season.Item Mineral Deficiencies and Excesses in Pastures: A Review(1946) French, M.H.; Mpwapwa, Tanganyika TerritoryFor those species of livestock whose natural food is pasture herbage, mineral deficiencies are of greater importance than vitamin deficiencies and, since pastures are the raw material on which successful animal husbandry is built and the trade in herbivorous animal products depends, everyone connected with the development of these industries should be familiar with the effects of various pasture deficiencies. It is only by knowing what diseases are produced and how to recognize them that financial losses are to be prevented when opening-up and developing areas such as East Africa.Item The Arthropod Population of the Soil Under Elephant Grass in Uganda.(1948) George, S.; Zoological Laboratory, Cambridge, and the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organisation, NairobiSix soil samples from elephant-grass leys at Kawanda, Uganda, gave collections representing a population of 87,147 arthropods per sq. metre in the top 12 in. of soil. Six samples from adjacent cultivated ground gave collections representing a population of 26,150 arthropods per sq. metre. These numbers are compared with the population of arthropods found in the soil of grazed pastures in East Africa. The greater population under elephant grass is attributed to the presence of a crumb structure and to the protection afforded by elephant grass against insolation. It is suggested that the nitrogen contained in these soil arthropods, especially which locked up in the chitin and sclerotin of their skeletons, is part of the nitrate that becomes available some weeks or months after elephant-grass leys are cultivated.Item Notes on Fodder and Pasture Grasses in Tanganyika Territory(Taylor & Francis, 1948) van Rensburg, H.J.; Department of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, MpwapwaDuring the past few decades a large amount Under most conditions mixed pastures have of work has been carried out in various parts of Africa in connexion with the propagation of indigenous and introduced fodder plants. Much progress has been made and valuable information obtained, but a great deal has also been learnt about the limitations set by an extremely variable range of soil types, topography and climate. Valuable introductions have been made, and, in areas with suitable climate and soil, certain species have been …Item Relative Values of Feeding-Stuffs(1954) French.M H; H. P. Ledger; Animal Industry Division of E.A.A.F.R.O; E.A.V.R.O.Much has been said and written in recent years of the need to make the maximum use of home-grown feeding-stuffs and to reduce to a minimum the quantities of concentrated foods purchased from outside the farm. This is sound advice but, for certain classes of livestock, certain forms of animal production, and under certain systems of livestock management, the purchase of animal foods may be essential if maximum economic output is to be achieved. Under such circumstances, farmers naturally desire to know what the most economic foods for their particular purposes are......Item The Major and Trace Element Composition of Some East African Feedingstuffs(1956) Chamberlain, G.T.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization, Kikuyu, KenyaIn the experimental work being carried out on the Muguga Farm of the Joint Division of Animal Industry of the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization and the East African Veterinary Research Organization, a variety of feedingstuffs is being used, and a knowledge of their mineral composition was desired. As these feedingstuffs represent a typical cross-section of those in use in East Africa, it was felt that publication of the data wou: d be of benefit to other users. Of the 18 samp: es analysed, 15 were obtained from commercial sources, while the remainder, beans, barley and lupin were the produce of the Muguga Farm. The major constituents, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sodium, are expressed on a dry matter percentage basis and are shown in Table I, while the trace elements (Tab: e II), copper, manganese, iron, strontium, barium, chromium, cobalt, nickel, zinc, titanium, silver, molybdenum, vanadium, tin and lead, are recorded as parts per million of dry matter. In all cases, the concentration given is that of the metal, not the oxide, in accordance with modern practice. As little is known of the origin of most samples, the concentrations can only be taken as a guide to the mineral and trace element composition, and in some cases the presenceItem Preliminary Trials of Grasses and Legumes under Grazing(1958) Strange, R.; Grassland Research Station, Department of Agriculture, KenyaSince the Grassland Research Station was founded at Kitale in 1950, many hundreds of grasses and legumes have been studied with a view to selecting the best for possible future introduction into agricultural use. Observations on some of these have already been made by Bogdan (1955) and Strange (1955), and the work which is summarized here is to some extent a sequel to that described in these two papers. Kitale lies 10 N. of the Equator north-east from Lake Victoria at an altitude of 6,200 ft. The mean rainfall is 46 in., falling mainly between April and October, with a drought period (hot season) from December to March. The soil is a friable sandy loam of rather low fertility which is derived from the Basement Complex. It varies in colour from red to grey and generally has a pH of between 5 and 6.Item On the Estimation of Crude Fibre in Fodders and Concentrates(1958) Dougall, H.W.; Grassland Research Station, Department of Agriculture, KenyaIt is apparent from the study that the crude fibre content of a fodder may be affected significantly by its state of subdivision and by the procedure used for filtering the acid digest.Any departure from the standard procedure described in the Fertilizers and Feeding-Stuffs Regulations for filtering the acid digest, such as that of filtering through cloth, would seem permissible only if the retentiveness of that cloth is known not to differ significantly from that of filter paper. The United States filter cloth, and one of the Terylenes (A) would conform to this requirement; the linen most certainly would not.Item A Note On The Nutritive Value Of Ramie Leaves (Boehmeria Nivae)(1958) Cleasby, T.G.; Sideek, O.E.; University of KhartoumThe cultivation and development of ramie has been reviewed by Willimott in World Crops, 1954 [I J. It originated as a fibre crop in Chipa and the Far East, where it has been used from earliest times. Only recently. however, have reports been made on the feeding value of ramie leaves. These have come mainly from Florida, U.S.A., and claim that the leaves are readily eaten by stock, and have a high protein and fat content.Item Browse plants of Kenya with special reference to those occurring in South Baringo(1958) Bogdan, A.V.; Dougall, H.W.; Department of Agriculture"It is a humbling fact for grass pasture experts to realize that probably more animals feed on shrubs and trees, or on associations in which shrubs and trees play an Important part, than on true grass or grass-legume pastures, short and tall grass ranges and steppes." This introductory sentence to "The Use and Misuse of Shrubs and Trees as Fodder" (1947) is almost certainly applicable to most semi-arid and arid parts of Kenya inhabited by pastoral trites and their livestock; it is particularly relevant to the South Baringo District, where most of the material described in this paper was collected. The southern part of the Baringo District is believed to be potential perennial grass-woodland country, but at the present time the grass cover is almost completely destroyed and the ground is exposed to such an extent that even during rainy seasons the leaves, bark and pods of trees and shrubs, together with the available herbs, provide the bulk of the diet of the ruminant and of other livestock.Item A Comparison Between Russian Comfrey and Lucerne(1959) Strange, R.; Grassland Research Station, Department of Agriculture, KenyaApart from a number of other disadvantages in its use, Russian comfrey has beenshown to be inferior to lucerne in the following respects:- (i) it gives a lower dry-matter yield; (ii) its percentage of dry matter and crude protein are lower than those of lucerne; (iii) the digestibility of the crude protein is lower in comfrey than in lucerne; (iv) soil contamination of the herbage is considerably greater on comfrey than on lucerne. Russian comfrey was therefore inferior to lucerne under the conditions of this experiment except in its lower fiber content, which would favour it to some extent for feeding to pigs and poultry. The growth of the lucerne was markedly stimulated by an application of gypsum.Item Observations on the Growth of Non-Irrigated Lucerne(1959) Strange, R.; Grassland Research Station, Department of Agriculture, KenyaPure stands of dry land lucerne have for long been recognized as an important source of high quality feed for livestock in the Argentine, Australia, U.S.A. and elsewhere, By comparison. little use is being made of non-irrigated lucerne in Kenya, the bulk of our production at the moment coming from areas such as the shore of Lake Naivasha, which have fertile soil and adequate sub-surface water, or from stands which are grown elsewhere under irrigation. Undoubtedly, far more use could be made of lucerne in this country, both in pasture mixtures and in pure stands, and a good deal of attention is therefore now being given by the Agricultural Department to this aspect, especially at the Grassland Research Stations at Kitale and Molo.Item The Gross Energy Content of Some Kenya Feeds(1960) Dougall, H.W.; Grassland Research Station, Department of Agriculture, KitaleWhen the value of a feeding stuff is to be assessed from the standpoint of its value for heat production, the first step in such an evaluation is to measure the gross amount of heat which the organic components of that feed can produce when completely burned. The necessary measurements are obtained by the use of a bomb calorimeter.Item Average Nutritive Values of Kenya Feeding Stuffs for Ruminants(1960/1961) Dougall, H.W.; Grassland Research StationGlover, et al. [1] give a table of average estimates of the percentage of digestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients to be expected from ruminant feeds ranging in crude protein content from 0-42 per cent and in crude fibre content from 5-45 per cent of the dry matter. It can be used for the computation of rations for dairy cows and other ruminants, according to the system of rationing recommended by Morrison [2], or Woodman [3], or according to Forbes' [4] concept of regarding rations as "wholes".Item A Table of Estimates of Nutritive Values of Pic Feeds(1960/1961) Glover, J.; Dougall, H.W.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization (EAAFRO) ; The Grassland Research StationGlover and Dougall [1] have recently shown how average estimates of the nutritive value of feeds for pigs can be obtained from knowledge of the crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contained in the dry matter of feeds. These values are expressed in terms of digestible crude protein (DCP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). The estimates of DCP and TDN corresponding to levels of crude protein between 2 per cent and 30 percent and of crude fibre between 0 and 15 percent of the dry matter are given in the accompanying Table I.
