Pulses
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Item Bulrush and finger, millets in Tanzania(1973) Judy, W. H.; Division of Research and Training, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaYield trials of Eleusine coracana and Pennisetum typhoides are in progress. The sorghum varieties Serena and 50 X 36 have outyielded local varieties by 1.5 to 2 times in trials.Item A Comparative Assessment of SRI and Conventional Rice Production(Jomo Kenyatta University, 2012) Matolo, N.Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop in Kenya's drive to attain food security and the alleviation of hunger. Yet the productivity of the crop remains low, leading to a huge national deficit. An exploratory field study was conducted to evaluate a system of rice intensification (SRI) that would increase water and crop productivities relative to the conventional production system. The effects of SRI on total water input and the yield of three rice varieties were investigated at the Mwea Irrigation Scheme (MIS) of Kenya.Item Comparative Trials at Mpwapwa with Leguminous Crops of Value in Feeding Live Stock(May, 1939) French, M. H.; Veterinary Department Tanganyika TerritoryMaharage beans (a form of Phaseolus vulgaris), peas, pigeon peas and buckwheat are not economic crops under the dry conditions of the Central Province; a drought resistant variety of Glycine is required and the merits of cowpeas, dolichos beans and velvet beans for hay yields are compared, in which the superiority of cowpeas is established.-M.H.Item Crossing of Food Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.): 1. Influence of Environment and Pollination Technique(1978) van Rheenen, H.A.; Grain Legume Project, National Horticultural Research Station Thika, KenyaWhen van Rheenen and Gichuhi (1978) wanted to start a breeding programme at Thika, Kenya, they observed that their crosses were successful for 18 percent only while the percentage of natural pod set was 55. Obviously an improvement here was much desired. A literature review and their first experiences suggested some possible ways of improvement. Main factors reported to be of influence on pod set and the success of crossing are relative humidity, temperature and pollination technique.Item Crossing of Food Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.): Influence of Environment and Pollination Technique(East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 1978) van Rheenen H. A.; The National Horticultural Research Station Thika, Kenya (MOA); The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign AffairsWhen van Rheenen and Gichuhi (1978) wanted to start a breeding programme at Thika, Kenya, they observed that their crosses were successful for 18 percent only while the percentage of natural pod set was 55. Obviously an improvement here was much desired. A literature review and their first experiences suggested some possible ways of improvement. Main factors reported to be of influence on pod set and the success of crossing are relative humidity, temperature and pollination technique. On relative humidity, generally a higher percentage is recommended. Masarova (1969) covered his bean flowers with damp gauze after crossing to maintain a humid environment. Khosh-Khui und Niknejad (1971) protected their crossed chickpea flowers with cheese-cloth bags against wind and sunshine. Mazyed (1973) observed that the optimum relative humidity for crossing beans was between 70 and 90 per cent. Fisher and Weaver (1974) noted in the case of lima beans that a high relative humidity enhanced pod set and pod retention by pro- moting pollen germination. As an exception Davis (1945) reported that minimum relative humidity of minor influence on pod set for white pea beans, but his average humidity figures ranged from 27.8 to 32.3 percent. On temperature: Generally a moderate temperature of around 20°C has been found opti mal, although more extreme temperatures of 35°C and 10°C for instance can be tolerated.. Davis (1945) found maximum daily temperatures to influence pod set more than any other factor he had studied including soil moisture, at low temperatures of 17/10°C. Kooistra (1963) found temperatures between 20°C and 25°C to be optimal for crossing beans. According to Inoue and suzuki (1959) pollen growth down the style is maximal for French beans at temperatures between 15°C and 25°C, but the pistil is receptive at temperatures between 15°C and 40°C. In his field experiments Smith and Pryor (1962) found negative correlation between pod set and maximum temperatures the day before, during, and the day after blooming. The maximum temperatures ranged. from 21 to 47°C. Similarly a negative but less significant correlation existed between between maximum temperature and seeds per pod. El Nadi (1969) grew broad beans at controlled temperatures of 18°C, 24°C and 29°C and ex- perienced less flower shedding at lower tem- perature. Mack and Singh (1969) harvested 22 to 67 percent more food beans from a crop grown in the open than raised in plastic cages and they attributed the yield loss to the high temperature of 34°C in the cages, which ex- ceeded that of the field by 8°C. Optimum temperatures for crossing beans were between 15°C and 25°C for Mazyed (1973). Fisher and Weaver (1974) noted that high temperatures of 27 to 35°C promoted flower opening but affected adversely per pod set and pod retention. Stobbe et al. (1965) grew beans under controlled conditions at day/night temperatures of 24.0/ 15.5°C, 29.5/21.0°C and 35.0/26.5°C and re- corded the highest number of flowers and pods at 29.5/21.0°C. Not only the environment but also the pollination technique is of importance. Buishan (1956) describes a number of crossing methods among which were the rubbing and looking methods and the combination of the two. The Max Plank Institute obtained 70 to 80 percent crossing success with the booking method, while Mazyed (1963) was satisfied with the combined rubbing and hooking method. Polli mation without emasculation possible (Koojstra, 1963, 963, and Retig, 1971), but the risk of unwanted self-pollination is greater and the stigma is more exposed. The present study was understaken to in- vestigate the influence of environment and pollination technique on pod and seed set. It took place at Thika during the second half of 1976.Item Derris Agronomy an Annotated Bibliography and a Critical Review Part I(October, 1944) Moreau, R. E.; East African Agricultural Research Institute, AmaniWith the increasing appreciation of the rotenone-containing plants as insecticides, derris is a minor crop that was annually gaining importance up till the end of 1941. Then within the space of a few months, almost the whole of the world sources fell to the Japanese, The American (United States) market, which was the largest consumer, had been mainly supplied from Malaya, the United Kingdom from the same source, Holland and the other continental users from Java and Sumatra. Practically the only other exporting country, on an altogether smaller scale, was the Philippines. Japan had developed an industry, for her own requirements in Formosa.Item Effect of Bean Common Mosaic Virus on Growth and Yield of Beans(1988) Omunyin, M.E.; Gathuri, E.M.; Mukunya, D.M.; University of NairobiGLP-2 (Rose Coco), GLP-24 (Canadian Wonder) and GLP-lOO4 (Mwezi Moja) were found to be susceptible to BCMV. Infected bean plants has significantly shorter stems, fewer pods and less weight of dry matter than the controls. Plant growth was affected tn the variety GLP-24 more than in GLP-2 and GLP-lOO4. Yields of GLP-2, GLP-24 and GLP-lOO4 were reduced by 55, 64 and 67%, respectively. However, isolate comparisons showed that differences were evident on the variety GLP-24. Isolate 510 was the most severe followed by isolate N.Item Gender-Responsive Participatory Variety Selection in Kenya: Implications for Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Breeding in Kenya(MDPI, 2021-11-27) Nchanji, E.B.; Lutomia, C.K.; Ageyo, O.C.; Karanja, D.; Kamau, E.Participatory variety selection (PVS) is the selection of new varieties among fixed lines by farmers under different target environments. It is increasingly being used to select and promote new crop breeding materials in most African countries. A gender-responsive PVS tool was piloted in Embu and Nakuru in the first and second cropping seasons of 2019 to understand similarities and differences between men’s and women’s varietal and trait preferences for biofortified released varieties and local bean varieties (landraces). Pooled results indicate that varietal and trait preferences between men and women farmers were slightly different but followed gendered roles and division of labor. Women farmers have a higher preference for landraces compared to men due to their availability, affordability and accessibility. Preferences for bean varieties differed between men and women across the two counties. High yielding was the most prioritized trait by both men and women for Mwitemania, Nyota, and Angaza. The findings support the long-held assumption that men prefer market-oriented traits, but women have a greater range of concerns thus less market oriented than men. For Nyota, men’s preferences were shaped by market traits, while women’s preferences were based on the variety being early maturing, resistant to pests and diseases, marketable, and fast cooking. For other varieties, men preferred Mwitemania because it is high yielding, early maturing, resistant to pests and diseases, and marketable. In contrast, women preferred Mwitemania because of seed availability, fast cooking, and early maturing. However, men’s and women’s varietal preferences for Angaza were similar, with them reporting early maturing, resistance to pests and diseases, and marketability as attractive traits. Sociodemographic characteristics such as education, age, marital status, and land ownership underlined the differences in trait preferences. Despite having attractive traits for both men and women, Nyota increased drudgery, displaced women from their usual activities, and required additional inputs by women, signaling possible adoption tradeoffs. However, Nyota, Angaza, and Mwitemania can provide the opportunity to increase employment for women. This study calls for gender integration at the design stage of any breeding system to ensure men and women farmers have access to varieties they prefer for food and income generation.Item Genotypic Variability, Heritability and Path Analysis of Yield Components of Determinate Lablab (Lablab Purpureus (L.) Sweet) Inbred Lines in Kenya(2021-10) Kamau, E.M.; Kinyua, M.G.; Waturu, C.N.; Karanja, D.R.; Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization ; University of EldoretLablab is a leguminous crop that offers great potential as food and cash crop in Kenya. However, high yielding early maturing determinate varieties suitable for short season environments and for intercropping systems are lacking. This study was conducted to estimate heritability, genetic advance and correlation between grain yields and yield attributing traits of advanced inbred determinate lines. Thirty nine lablab F5 inbred lines and a local determinate accession were evaluated at KALRO Katumani and Thika using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two replications in 2017. Significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed among the genotypes for all the characters. Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV) were highest for seed weight per plant and the lowest for maturity traits. Broad heritability for the 11 characters was moderate to high ranging from 0.40 - 0.86. The highest genetic gain (48.53%) was recorded on seed weight per plant and lowest on the maturity related traits. Pods number (r = +0.87) and raceme number (r = +0.81) had the highest positive and significant (P> 0.05) correlation with seed yield per plant. Path analysis revealed that pods per plant (0.68), racemes per plant (0.25) and pods per raceme (0.13) had the largest direct effect on seed yield. The study identified, moderate to high heritability and genetic advance estimates and significant positive correlations of pods per plant, raceme per plant, plant height, pod width, pods per raceme and number of flower nodes. The same traits also had high direct and indirect effects on seed yield and therefore suitable for phenotypic selection of improved determinate lablab genotypes. The results of the study are discussed in light of crop improvement of this leguminous crop.Item Harmonized Fertilizer Recommendations for Pulses in Smallholder Farming Systems of Kenya(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017-12) Mangale, N.; Kathuku-Gitonga, A.N.; Esilaba, A.O.; Nyongesa, D.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationProduction of pulses in East Africa dates back many years. The pulses (grain legumes) are beans, cowpeas, pigeon peas, green grams, dolichos lablab, chickpeas and lentils. These crops are grown in the Eastern Africa region in varying hectareage, depending on preferences and adaptation to agro-ecological zones. Cowpeas, chick peas, pigeon peas and green grams are grown in lower, drier and warmer areas. Beans and dolichos are grown in the medium rainfall areas of the region while lentils are grown in the cooler regions (Karanja, 2016). Pulses are grown in both mono-cropping and intercropping systems in Kenya. Most common crop combinations in intercropping systems include: maize-beans, maize cowpea, maize-pigeon pea, maize-Soya bean, maize-dolichoslablab, sorghum cowpea, millet-pulses, sugar cane-pulses and rice-pulses (Chui and Nadar 1984; Nadar 1984; Mangale 1989; Matusso et al., 2012; Karanja, 2016). This cropping practice aims to match efficiently crop demands to the available growth resources and labour. The efficient use of available growth resources in a given piece of land and eventually maximizing productivity is the primary advantage of intercropping crops of different height, canopy structure, rooting ability, and nutrient requirements (Matusso et al., 2012). Many studies on intercropping have shown that legumes-cereal intercropping is an important productive and sustainable system due to its resource facilitation and significantly enhancing crop productivity as compared to that of monoculture crops (Matusso et al., 2014). In an effort to improve food security, intercropping cereals with legumes plays an important role by providing a farmer with both carbohydrates and proteins for their dietary needs. Apart from nutritional composition of component crops in an intercropping, it has been also reported that intercropping improves soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation, increases soil conservation through greater ground cover than sole cropping (Ofori and Stern, 1987; Matussoet al., 2014; Hailu Gebru, 2015; Nyoki and Ndakidemi 2016), and provides better protection against crop pests and diseases than when grown in monoculture (Ofori and Stern, 1987; Matusso et al., 2014; Hailu Gebru, 2015).Item Leguminous Crops in Native Agricultural Practice(July 1939) Sturdy, D.; Agricultural Officer, TerritoryFor the maintenance of soil fertility, and for the improvement of native dietary, the planting and use of leguminous crops is of value. It is accordingly the intention of this paper to review the customary practices adopted by some seven different tribes, divided into four groups, who inhabit the north-western portion of Tanganyika. Taking the area as a whole one finds that all the tribes grow one legume or more, but that the particular legumes grown differ considerably from group to group. Thus the Wakara grow Bambara groundnuts'(Voandzeia subterranea) as a food and Crotalaria striata as a green manure for maintaining the fertility of their overcrowded and limited island soils; the Wasukuma and the Wanyamwezi, in the cultivation-steppe south. of, Lake Victoria, grow groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea)(the average exported surplus of this crop in the past three years has amounted to over 10,000 tons from the two tribes), Bambara groundnuts, cowpea.Item Local Millets as Substitutes for Maize in the Feeding of Domestic Animals(1948) French, M. H.; East African Production and Supply CouncilAs a result of changing social conditions greater quantities of maize are being sought, for nutritional purposes, by Africans who formerly lived largely on millets. Consequently many marginal areas, which receive only a small or a badly distributed rainfall and which are therefore more suited for millet production are now being planted with maize. As would be expected, the yields are erratic and unreliable and there is a greater demand for maize grov-vn in the normal maize-producing areas. During recent years flourishing poultry and pig producing'units have been built up, and the chief foodstuff demanded by these enterprises is maize meal. A vicious circle is therefore being created by the greatly increased demands for maize for both human and animal nutrition whilst at the same time, because of the increasing tendency to plant maize on land which should be seeded with millet, the production of millet is lower and this deficit imposes a further demand on the available maize supplies. If, as is anticipated, there is a continued increase in the demands for these foods, the maximum amount of maize and millet grains will have to be produced and, to achieve this, potentially good millet-producing land should not be planted with maize. African nutritional requirements will probably draw increasingly on the, maize grown in suitable maize-Producing districts and this will be followed by a greater diversion of millet grains, from the areas suitable for millet growing,. to help meet the needs of enterprises producing animal products. The feeders of live stock in East Africa are not all familiar with the nutritive values of the various local millet grains nor of the extent to which they can replace maize in animal rations. The object of this article is therefore to indicate to what classes of livestock and in what quantities millet grains can be successfully fed. It also describes the results of experiments, conducted. at the Mpwapwa Veterinary Research Laboratory, Tanganyika, on the feeding value of local white millet (mtama) and Bulrush millet (mawe le).Item National Horticultural Project: Vol. 2. National Bean Improvement Programme June 1988(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 1988) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute ; National Horticultural Research Centre, Thika; Regional Research Centre, Kisii; Regional Research Centre, Embu; Regional Research Centre, Kakamega; Regional Research Centre, Alupe; Regional Research Centre, Mwea-Tebere; National Seed Quality Control Centre, LanetThis project proposes to develop high yielding dry beans of acceptable sensory and cooking qualities. The development of french bean varieties, with high fresh pod yield and desired pod characteristics which are also adapted to the Kenyan production environments ie envisaged. With regard to dry beans, the currently released varieties lack in specific genetic resistances to the major seed borne diseases. This is with the exception of TBM-22 (New Mweni Moja) and TBR-22 (Mwitemania) which have bean common mosaic virus resistance, anthracnose and haloblight resistances respectively. Locally adapted french bean varieties are not available. The project thus aims to introduce multiple disease resistance into the main popular bean types. This will be achieved through stages of hybridization followed by selection. Introduction of genetic materials, screening and hybridization and subsequent selection are planned in the development of french bean varieties. During the year, a maximum of twa generations of either hybridization or selection or a combination of one of each of these procedures shall be achieved in each of dry and french beans. The number of specific crosses will be determined by the availability of parentel materials. Maintenance breeding for the released bean varieties is planned. At least one stage in the maintenance breeding and breedere seed production procedure is to be carried out during the year. The proposel is estimated to require KE 175,300 for successful execution.Item Potential Lecithin Contents of Soybean Varieties Grown in Southern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria(1991) Iwe, M.O.; University of Agriculture, MakurdiSoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was introduced into Nigeria from East Africa, and cultivation started around 1908 (ANON, 1984). Production was almost restricted to the present-day Benue State located in the Southern Guinea Savannah belt, where the history of its cultivation dates back to 1930 (AkiaOta, 1984). The tropical moist Savannah type climate with monsoonal rainfall ranging from 1,100 to 1,500 mm and temperatures ranging from 21°C to 35°C make the area suitable for the production of this crop.Item Residual Effects of Fertilizer and Manure on Dry Beans Phaseolus Vulgaris(1990) Mbugua, G.W.Trials on residueal effects of DAP and rock phosphate fertilizers, poultry manure and DAP-poultry manure combination on dry beans were conducted at N.HoRoC., Thika, and in Kandara, Muranga District :in 1985-1986. In 1986,' beans crop grown on previously DAP_fertili~ed and manured plots was better established, more vigorous and yielded higher than where no fertilizer or manure was applied. DAP, poultry manure and DAP-poultry manure combination gave similar yield improvement :indicating that these nutrient sources could be used as alternatives depending on availability. Rock phosphate did not give any yield improvement.Item Response of Common Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) to Seed Treatment in Central Kenya(African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2022-02) Waswa, B.S.; Kamau, E.; Karanja, D.; Mairura, F.; Pan Africa Bean Research Alliance (PABRA) ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)Seed treatment presents an opportunity to boost bean productivity; however, the technology has not been widely tested in Kenya and the sub Saharan Africa region. An experiment was carried out at Kandara, Central Kenya to compare the effects of seed treatment applications on bean performance. The split-plot design experiment with three replicates included four seed treatment products: Apron Star, Seed Plus, Gro Plus and TriCoat applied at recommended and half recommended rates with two bean varieties as test crop. Split-plot ANOVA was implemented using Genstat and agricolae R procedures to compare the effects of seed treatment applications on aphid pest severity and bean performance parameters. Varietal performance differences to the seed treatment were observed with Nyota variety performing better than KATB1. Generally, Apron Star at recommended rates reported lowest pest incidences and consistent bean performance over the two cropping seasons. Consistent treatment effects were observed for recommended rates compared to half rate applications. Under favorable environmental conditions, use of the seed treatment products alone produced yields comparable to the fertilizer treatment. The benefits observed from use of seed treatment technology makes it a potentially sustainable strategy for improving productivity for cash strapped small-scale producers in the region.Item Response of Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris t.) To The Application of Fertilizers in Kenya. Results of on-farm experiments with fertilizers (Grain Legume Project)(Ministry of Agriculture, 1984) Floor, J.; Ministry of Agriculture; Ministry of AgricultureSince 1977, the Grain Legume Project has carried out fertilizer trials on farmers' fields with dry beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) in some of the major bean growing areas in Kenya. The objective of these experiments was to study the response of beans to the application of fertilizers, taking into account the large variation that exists between soils and soil conditions of various areas. Experiments were conducted in five areas, viz. Machakos-, Embu-, Kisiiand Kakamega District, and the area around Thika. In total 200 fields yielded useful and reliable information. The experiments were carried out with a pure bean crop, planted at a densi2Y of 200.000 plants per ha. The gross plot size was 10.5 m. The experiment was planted in one replication per farmer.
