Browsing by Author "Mugambi, J.M."
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Item Bloodmeal Host Identities Among Sympatric Glossina Austeni and Glossina Pallidipes Tsetse Flies in Shimba Hills National Reserve, Kwale, Kenya(Frontiers, 2023-04-14) Ogolla, K.O.; Onyango, T.; Bwana, B.K.; Otiende, M.Y.; Mang’era, C.M.; Ochieng, B.; Omolo, M.O.; Mugambi, J.M.; Hassanali, A.; Omondi, P.; Mireji, P.O.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ; Wildlife Research and Training Institute ; Egerton University ; Masinde Muliro University of Science and TechnologyOdor from preferred/non-preferred tsetse fly vertebrate hosts have been exploited in R&D of attractants/repellents of the fly for human and livestock protection. Odors from vertebrate hosts of Glossina austeni and Glossina pallidipes tsetse flies can facilitate formulation of novel attractants effective against G. austeni or improvement of existing attractant blends for G. pallidipes. We compared vertebrate blood meal sources of both fly species at Shimba Hills National Reserve, Kenya, to establish putative preferred host of either species, hence potential source of G. austeni or G. pallidipes specific odors. We trapped sympatric adult flies in 2021 and 2022 using NGU traps/sticky panels baited with 3-propylphenol, octenol, p-cresol, and acetone (POCA), collected their blood meals and characterized the meals using High Resolution Melting (HRM) vertebrate 16S rRNA- PCR (for host identification), and compared host profiles using GLM and Fisher’s exact tests. We collected 168 and 62 sympatric G. pallidipes and G. austeni with bloodmeal, respectively in 2021 and, 230 and 142 respectively in 2022. In 2021, we identified putative hosts of 65.48 and 69.35% of the G. pallidipes and G. austeni respectively and 82.61 and 80.28%, respectively in 2022. In 2021, we detected harnessed bushbuck, buffalo, common warthog and cattle putative host bloodmeals, and additionally bushpig and suni antelope bloodmeals in 2022. Putative vertebrate bloodmeal sources were significantly different by tsetse fly species (χ²(1, N=457) = 43.215, p < 0.001) and sampling year (χ²(1, N=457) = 8.044, p = 0.005). Frequency of common warthog bloodmeals was higher in G. pallidipes (65.79%) than in G. austeni (38.60%), and that of suni antelope and harnessed bushbuck putative bloodmeals higher in G. austeni (21.05-28.07%) than in G. pallidipes (6.84 - 17.37%) in 2022. There was an apparent change in putative feeding preference/host choices in both fly species between 2021 and 2022. Host bloodmeals in G. pallidipes or G. austeni predominantly from putative harnessed bushbuck, suni antelope or common warthog reveal that these vertebrates have potential odors that can be harnessed and formulated into appropriate attractants for respective species and integrated into routine control regiment for G. pallidipes and/or G. austeni.Item Characterization of Some Paramphistomatidae Species (Trematoda Paramphistomidael by Isoenzyme Analysis Using Isoelectric Focusing And Starch Gel-Electrophoresis(1989) Kwenah, A.M.; Mugambi, J.M.; National Veterinary Research CenterParamphistomes belong to the family Paramphistomatidae and are classified as trematodes (Dinnik, 1954). They are parasites of veterinary importance that inhabit the gut of a number of domestic animals. In the past, paramphistomes were considered to be completely nonpathogenic to their hosts. However, it is now known that the immature stages may cause severe pathological changes in the duodenum and upper ileum, which they inhabit. This has been observed in Kenya, especially in calves (Kariuki, personal communication).There is a need to identify and characterize parasites for diagnostic, prophylactic, epidemiological, and taxonomic purposes (Allsopp et al., 1984 and 1985). This is especially true for paramphistomes, because available information indicates that of the many species found in Africa, only Paramphistomum microbothrium causes acute paramphistomiasis (Pinoik, 1964). This species has now been classified as Calicophoron microbothrium (Eduardo, 1984). Isoenzyme analysis using starch gel-electrophoresis (Gibson et al., 1980) and isoelectric focusing in agarose (Allsopp and Gibson, 1983; Allsopp et al., 1985) have proven to be useful biochemical methods for the identification and characterization of various other parasites of veterinary and medical importance (Melrose and Brown, 1979).Item An estimate of the economic impact of fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats in Kenya(1991) Wanyangu, S.W.; Nginyi, J.M.; Wamae, L.W.; Mugambi, J.M.This article reviews on prevalence, and economic losses associated with fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats. It relates some of the findings in the literature on the economic impact of F hepatica and applies this to situations as they occur in Kenya where F gigantica is the main infecting species to livestock. Based on the livestock numbers, the pathology and related losses associated with faciolosis, it is estimated that a total of US$ 68,207,646 is lost annually as a result of Fasiola infection in livestock in Kenya.Item An estimate of the economic impact of fasciolosis In cattle, sheep and goats in Kenya(1966) Wanyangu, S.W.; Nginyi, J.M.; Wamae, L.W.; Mugambi, J.M.; Peeler, E.This article reviews on prevalence and economic losses associated with fasciolosis in cattle, sheep and goats. It relates some of the findings in the literature on the economic impact of F hepatica and applies this to situations as they occur in Kenya where F gigantlca is the main infecting species to livestock. Based on the livestock numbers, the pathology and related losses associated with faciolosis, it is estimated that a total of US$ 68,207,646 is lost annually as a result of Fasiola infection in livestock in Kenya.Item Evaluation of the Phenotypic performance of a Red Maasai and Dorper Double Backcross Resource Population: Indoor Trickle Challenge with Haemonchus Contortus(Elsevier, 2005) Mugambi, J.M.; Audho, J.O.; Njomo, S.; Baker, R.L.; ILRI ( International Livestock Research Organization)Six F1 Dorper (D) × Red Maasai (R) rams were mated to both D and R ewes to produce backcross lambs. These six double backcross resource families are being analysed to identify quantitative trait loci that may be controlling resistance to gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode parasites, mainly Haemonchus contortus. After assessing the phenotypic performance of the lambs following exposure to natural infections, the surviving lambs were drenched and moved indoors for an artificial challenge with H. contortus along with straightbred D and R lambs. A total of 1317 lambs were included in the analyses consisting of 523 3/4D, 580 3/4R, 87 D and 127 R. The D lambs were significantly and consistently heavier than R lambs and 3/4D were significantly heavier than the 3/4R lambs. The difference between the backcrosses was about half of that between the straightbreds. Resistance was assessed in terms of faecal egg counts (FEC) and total worm counts (TWC) at necropsy while packed cell volume (PCV) was used to assess resilience to weekly oral doses of 2500 infective larvae of H. contortus. No significant breed differences were observed for log transformed FEC (LFEC). A significant breed difference in PCV was recorded. The backcrosses had the higher values and while no differences were observed between the straightbreds, 3/4D had significantly higher PCV than the 3/4R. Despite the absence of breed differences in FEC the R and the 3/4R had significantly fewer worms than the D and the 3/4D. The D had significantly longer worms than the R and the 3/4D had significantly longer worms than the 3/4R. Worms recovered from D had more eggs than those recovered from R. Similarly worms from 3/4D contained more eggs than those from 3/4R. Thus, on a breed basis the breed with more worms had longer worms. In contrast, when, in a small part of the experiment two doses of larvae were used to check for any breed by dose interactions, worms from the low dose (and hence fewer worms) animals were longer. We postulate that in fast growing hosts like the D, worms also have a better potential for growth and reproduction than in hosts that have less potential for growth. The overall correlation coefficient between PCV and LFEC was −0.67 while that between LFEC and LTWC was 0.72. From these results it is clear that the R do not respond to the artificial challenge the way they do to natural infection suggesting that phenotyping of R and R cross lambs for purposes of selecting those that are resistant or susceptible is best done under natural challenge.Item KARI/VRC/CRAC Proceedings July 2008(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 2008) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; Mugambi, J.M.; Nginyi, J.M.; Wamae, L.W.; Kinyua, J.K.; Wafula, E.I welcome you all (staff and visitors) to this year's Centre Research Advisory Committee (CRAC) meeting. This is an event in the research cycle of KARI that is meant to shape our research proposals. We must therefore take it seriously. We are now adopting a value-chain approach to research. According to Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia a value chain is a chain of activities. Products pass through all activities in the chain so that at each activity the product gains some value. The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum of added values of individual activities. In order for this to happen, we must carry out research as a multi-disciplinary team for a mix of expertise and different comparative advantages. We must also have market information to ensure that the products of our research have outlets.Item Management of Roundworms in Dairy Calves(Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, 2017) Nginyi, J.M.; Mugambi, J.M.; Njanja, J.C.; Ogali, I.N.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationRoundworms in dairy calves (aged up to 1 year) are found in the stomach, small and large intestines and they feed from their hosts. They lay eggs that are passed out in droppings to develop into effective larvae on pasture. They are categorised into three main groups namely tapeworms, flukes and roundworms. Tapeworms and flukes are generally flat and hence are collectively also known as flatworms.Item Mastitis Therapy in Western and Central Parts of Kenya: Veterinary Service Providers' Perspective(The Kenya Veterinary Association, 2014) Ndirangu, P.N.; Wesonga, H.O.; Siamba, D.; Mugambi, J.M.; Nginyi, J.M.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in Kakamega and Kiambu counties of Western and Central Kenya respectively, to determine the category of veterinary practitioners involved in mastitis treatment, diagnostic methods used, the antibiotics used and their effectiveness. A total of 69 questionnaires were administered to veterinary service providers. In Kakamega County 13/24 (54%) of service providers interviewed were government veterinarians, 10/24 (42%) private veterinary practitioners and 1124 (4%) agrovet owners. Concerning the level of training 18/24 (75%) of them were holders of certificates in animal health and production, 4/24 (17%) degree in veterinary medicine, 1/24 (4%) degree in agriculture and 1/24 (4%) secondary form four. In Kiambu County majority were private veterinarians 35/45 (78%), followed by government veterinarians 8/45 (18%) and agrovet owners 2/45 (4%) where 32/45 (71%) were holders of certificates in animal health and production, 12/45 (27%) degree in veterinary medicine and 1145 (2%) certificate in animal production. Most of the service providers interviewed used clinical signs to diagnose bovine mastitis, where it was the only method used in Kakamega County while in Kiambu County it was used by 40/45 (89%) of the respondents while only 5/45 (11%) used California Mastitis Test. Further, in Kakamega 22/24 (92%) of the respondents did not take samples for laboratory test while in Kiambu 20/45 (44%) did not take samples for laboratory testing. In both counties bovine mastitis was the most treated disease. In Kakamega 22/24 (91.7%) of the respondents used penicillin-streptomycin combination to treat mastitis and 2/24 (8.3%) used tetracycline. In Kiambu County antibiotics used were penicillin-streptomycin combination 36/45 (80%), cephalexine 3/45 (7%), gentamycin 3/45 (7%), ampicillin 1/45 (2%), sulphonamides 1145 (2%) and tetracycline 1145 (2%).Item Mastitis Therapy in Western and Central Parts Of Kenya: Veterinary Service Providers' Perspective(Kenya Agriculture Research Institute, 2013) Ndirangu, P.N.; Wesonga, H.O.; Slamba, D.; Mugambi, J.M.; Nginyi, J.M.A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was carried out in Kakamega and Kiambu counties of Western and Central Kenya respectively, to determine the category of veterinary practitioners involved in mastitis treatment, diagnostic methods used, the antibiotics used and their effectiveness. A total of 69 questionnaires were administered to veterinary service providers. In Kakamega County 13124 (54%) of service providers interviewed were government veterinarians, 10/24 (42%) private veterinary practitioners and 1124 (4%) agrovet owners. With respect to the level of training 18/24 (75%) of them were holders of certificate in animal health and production, 4/24 (17%) degree in veterinary medicine, 1124 (4%) degree in agriculture and 1124 (4%) secondary form four. In Kiambu county majority were private veterinarians 35/45 (78%), followed by government veterinarians 8/45 (18%) and agrovet owners 2/45 (4%) where 32/45 (71%) were holders of certificate in animal health and production, 12/45 (27%) degree in veterinary medicine and 1145 (2%) certificate in animal production. Most of the service providers interviewed used clinical signs to diagnose bovine mastitis, where it was the only method used in Kakamega County while in Kiambu County it was used by 40/45 (89%) of the respondents while only 5/45 (11%) used California Mastitis Test. Further, in Kakamega 22/24 (92%) of the respondents did not take samples for laboratory test while in Kiambu 20/45 (44%) did not take samples for laboratory testing. In both counties bovine mastitis was the most treated disease. In Kakamega 22/24 (91.7%) of the respondents used penicillin-streptomycin combination to treat mastitis and 2/24 (8.3%) used tetracycline. In Kiambu County antibiotics used were penicillin-streptomycin combination 36/45 (80%), cephalexine 3/45 (7%), gentamycin 3/45 (7%), ampicillin 1/45 (2%), sulphonamides 1145 (2%) and tetracycline 1145 (2%).Item Response of Dorper and Red Maasai Lambs to Trickle Haemonchus Contortus Infections(1996) Wanyangu, S.W.; Mugambi, J.M.; Bain, R.K.; Owango, M.O.; Duncan, J.L.; Stear, M.J.Six-month-old red Maasai lambs were more resistant than Dorper lambs to repeated infections at one-to-two-week intervals with 1000 Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Resistance after infection was assessed by means of faecal egg counts, packed cell volumes, eosinophil counts, total serum protein concentrations and mortality rates. The weight gains of the infected animals were only marginally lower than those of their uninfected controls, most probably because of their significantly higher feed consumption, and evidently the infected lambs were not utilizing all of the extra feed for growth. This absence of anorexia in spite of the infection was probably due to the palatability of the high protein diet fed to the lambs.Item Survival analysis techniques in the study of the development and survival of Haemonchus Contortus L3 larvae on pasture in Kenya(1966) Wanyangu, S.W.; Sakwa, D.P.; Kyule, M.N.; Bain, R.K.; Mugambi, J.M.; Muthee,S.; KARI (National Veterinary Research Centre Muguga Kenya P.o Box 32 Kikuyu)Life tables and survival analyses with covariates were used to assess the development and survival of Haemonchus contortus infective larvae 13 on pasture composed of mixed grasses. Thirty nine plots, each measuring 2 m2, were subdivided into 144 sub-plots, each measuring 10 cm.2 three randomly selected plots were every month uniformly contaminated with sheep faeces containing 2 x 106 H. contortus eggs. Every week after contamination, grass and faecal material from three randomly preselected sub-plots were collected and analysed for larval recovery. Life table analyses showed that 50% of the total L3 that developed from contaminated sheep faeces were recovered from pasture within two to eight weeks. Ninety percent recovery occurred within 6-20 weeks post-seeding. Comparisons of survival curves of from plots seeded at different times of the year revealed significant (P:::: 0.01) differences which were shown by trend tests to be seasonally related. An Accelerated Failure Time Model (AFTM) assessed the effect of the major meteorological factors (covariates) on survival of L30n pasture. Sunshine had the greatest influence on survival (=- 0.1123) followed by temperature (6 = 0.(839), relative humidity (B =-0.(29) and rainfall (B=O.0013). Sunshine and relative humidity had an adverse effect on survival whereas rainfall and temperature enhanced it. Using these techniques intervention points for strategic anthelmintic control for haemonchosis identified the end of December (beginning of the hot dry period) and July (beginning of the cold dry period) as the most suitable times to administer anthelmintic. Tactical treatments could be carried out during the rainy periods.
