Animal Health
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Item Tsetse Fly and Big Game in Southern Rhodesia.(East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research Organisation, 1909/1910) Jack, W. R.; East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationIn Southern Rhodesia conditions are better than in most other parts of Africa for gathering information concerning the distribution of tsetse in the past, and perhaps even in the present. This is due to a combination of two factors, namely, that only one species of tsetse, Glossina morsitans, is found within our borders, and that the territory, in comparison with the Central African States, contains and has contained a relatively large European population. The first' factor eliminates the possibility of confusion of species in connexion with the evidence forthcoming, at least in the case of those able to distinguish tsetse from other species of bloodsucking flies, whilst the second provides a more reliable source of information than the native.Item Tsetse-Flies in the Masai Reserve, Kenya Colony.(1914/1918) Lewis,E.Our knowledge of the distribution of tsetse-flies affecting domestic stock in Kenya Colony is of a very general character. A good deal of the information requires confirmation; and much needs to be done to ascertain the extent and the nature of the permanent fly-infested areas, and the seasonal dispersion of the tsetses from their permanent haunts.Item Item Distribution of Domestic Animals(1925) Huntington, E.; East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationIn East Africa, surra is so restricted in its range occurring only in the Northern Frontier Province of Kenya, and among camels imported into Zanzibar for slaughter-that its importance is slight compared with that of nagana. Nevertheless, within that limited area the value of camels to their owners is high, and it is fortunate, as Bennett (1933) has shown, that the disease can be dealt with so effectively by means of the mercuric chloride serum test for diagnosis, and a single intravenous injection of 4 grammes of Naganol to effect cure.Item The Peritrophic Membrane and its Relation to Trypanosome Infections in Tsetse Flies(1929) Joan, C.F.The life cycle of trypanosomes within the tsetse has been studied for many years. Where the trypanosomes of the T. brucei subgroup are concerned the life cycle involves the peritrophic membrane. WIGGLESWORTH (1929) has shown the peritrophic membrane in Glossina to be a single, uniform layer which is secreted in viscous form by a group of cells in the proventriculus at the anterior limit of the midgut. It passes through an annular cleft between the oesophageal invagination and the midgut, and in doing so solidifies to form a homogeneous tube (fig. 1). From studies on T. grayi, a trypanosome found in crocodiles, transmitted by Glossina, HOARE (1931) was able to show that the peritrophic membrane is produced in a continuous stream from the anterior end and forms a continuous tube running throughout the length of the midgut (fig. 2). WILLETI (1966) observed that in teneral flies the peritrophic membrane, so long as it had not reached the hindgut and been ruptured, was a completely closed and unbroken sac. The peritrophic membrane is a short structure in the general fly, ending in the anterior midgut until the first blood meal has been taken, whereupon rapid growth ensues and the membrane is extended into the hindgut. The structure of the membrane is discussed in some detail by LE BERRE (1967).Item A Survey of Recent Work on Trypanosomiasis and Tsetse Flies(1932/1944) Charles, W.; Corson, J.F.; Sheppard, R.L.; Imperial Institute of EntomologyThis survey is a brief statement of the work done, and of some of the opinions expressed, by those who have worked at the different problems concerned with trypanosomiasis since I93!. Earlier work is referred to in the Report of the Tsetse Fly Committee of the Economic Advisory Council (H.M.S.O. I933).Item On A Method Of Marking Tsetse Flies.(1933) East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationScott (S. African J. of Science, 28, 372-5, 1931) summarises the literature of the subject and notes that the oil paints used in this work were not injurious to the flies. He also describes a system of differential marking used by him and his co-workers, ingeniously providing for recognition of nine marking sites, three times of day, five conditions of hunger, and every day for nearly a year. This system has obvious advantages, but is not suitable for all classes of work. The system evolved by the writer in 1929 gives a much smaller number of combinations (on initial marking) but has certain special advantages, not the least of which is that re-marking on recapture is provided for.Item A Method of Counting Large Samples of Small Arthropods(1936) John, F.; University MuseumVarious methods have been described for the extraction of small Arthropods (Collembola, mites, thrips, etc.) from soil, vegetation, or refuse, in which the animals are finally floated on the surface of the water and maybe, subsequently, trapped on a filter paper. In a single sample of this nature over a thousand specimens, comprising many species, may be obtained, and unless mechanical aids are utilized in studying the filter paper there is grave danger that many individuals will remain unnoticed. To ensure accuracy in this respect the writer has devised the following technique.Item An Equine Pregnancy Diagnosis Service(1936) Anderson, J.Following upon the establishment of the Zondek.. Ascheim test for human pregnancy. investigations were extended to animals, and in 1930 some preliminary work of this nature was commenced at the Institute of Animal Genetics. Edin.. burgh with Shetland ponies. It was soon apparent that a biological test for the diagnosis of pregnancy in the mare was a definite possibility. and the investigation was extended to all classes of equines. A routine test was devised, and after one year's experience of the method it was shown that pregnancy could be diagnosed biologically in the mare with an accuracy of practically 99 per cent. An Equine Pregnancy Diagnosis Station was accordingly set up and this station is running successfully today.Item Sterility(1938) Daubney, R.; Hudson, J.R.; Anderson, J.; Veterinary Department, Kenya ColonyThe first cases of this disease were seen in Kenya about 1928, and since that date it has been recognized on many European farms throughout the settled areas. The disease occurs in pure-bred bulls of almost all the European breeds, and in both high- and. low-grade bulls. The Maasai apparently know the condition, and refer to it by the same name as that used by them for gonorrhoea in man.Item The East African Veterinary Research Organisation Its Development, Objects and Scientific Activities(Ministry Of Agriculture, 1938) Binns, H. R.The East African Veterinary Research Organisation is one of the regional research organisations established by the East Africa High Commission, with financial assistance provided by the United Kingdom from the Research Allocation under the Colonial Development and Welfare Act, to undertake research on important problems common to the whole East Mrican region, which comprises Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda and Zanzibar. The idea of regional research is a relatively new conception in the application of science to the solution of Colonial problems. Its philosophy is based on the fundamental fact that the major problems in health, agriculture, fisheries, and so forth, of the peoples of a geographical region, and of their crops and livestock, are not defined or limited by political boundaries or frontiers. In a particular region, such as East Africa, many such problems affecting one Colony are similar to or identical with those in an adjoining Colony, and can therefore be logically studied on a regional rather than on a Colony basis. The main purpose of regional research is to secure efficiency and economy, both in number of staff and in capital and recurrent expenditure, by having for those Colonies within a given region one group of research workers instead of a separate group in each Colony, each doing research similar to that of the others. This centralization of research work, of the funds provided for research and allied functions, of scientific and ancillary staff, and of buildings, equipment and other specialized and expensive facilities of many kinds, is designed to achieve a more effective concentration of scientific effort on major common problems and to avoid undue duplication of research and of financial expenditure within the region.Item Notes on Animal Diseases III—Piroplasmosis and Anaplasmosis of Animals Other Than Cattle and Trypanosomiasis of Domesticated Animals(1939) The Department of Veterinary ServicesBoth parasites are tick-transmitted. Transmission of Nuttalia equi to susceptible horses by. adult Rhipicephalus evertsi, that had fed during the larval and nymphal stages on carrier animals, was demonstrated by Theiler in 1905, and it is probable that other ticks may also be capable of transmitting infection. Experimental transmission of Babesia caballi by African species of ticks has not yet been effected.Item Notes on Animal Diseases(1939) Veterinary Services,Mastitis or mammitis is the general name applied to inflammation of the udder; it must be realized that the name does not indica'eany specific condition. Most forms of mastitis are difficult to control and the condition is responsible for great losses every year in all dairying countries. As the economic importance of the individual dairy cow rises more and more in Kenya, so will the significance of this condition.Item Notes on Animal Diseases(1939) Veterinary Department, Kabete, KenyaWith regard to treatment and prophylaxis, neither is of much value in dealing with the epizootic type of the disease, but with the enzootic piglet influenza attention to the sanitary conditions under which sows are farrowed and rear their young will usually effect a prompt improvement in the mortality rate of piglets. In Germany, where piglet influenza causes serious losses each year, farmers whose herds are infected are advised to isolate their farrowing sows individually, and special straw huts for farrowing are constructed in the fields. The sows farrow in these individual straw huts, and the young pigs are retained in a small run with their mother until they reach the age of eight weeks. There is some indication, from experiments at Kabete, that inoculation of young pigs with a vaccine prepared from a formalized lung containing virus is of help in controlling the incidence of piglet influenza, but there is no doubt of the success that attends a careful application of the method of individual isolation of farrowing sows in well ventilated temporary huts.Item A Study of the Causes Leading To the Seasonal Evacuation of a Tsetse Breeding-Ground.(1939) Nash,T.A.MIn 1939 the writer published an article in this journal entitled" The Ecology of the Puparium of Glossina in Northern Nigeria" (Nash 1939). He described the seasonal shifting of the breeding-grounds of G. morsitans and G. tachinoides at Gadau, and, after discussing the relationship between certain meteorological data and pupal mortality, he summed up on p. 281 as follows: "It has been shown that the females leave a breeding-ground as soon as pupal mortality starts to increase, and that this coincides with rising soil temperature in the dry season and with rising soil water content in the rains; but no explanation has been given as to what prompts the female to vacate a breeding-ground when she does."Item Notes on Animal Diseases(1939) Department of Veterinary Services; Department of Veterinary Services; Complied by Department of Veterinary ServiceRinderpest is an acute contagious virus disease of ruminants and swine, characterized by diarrhoea, nasal and lachrymal discharge and by ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth. Etiology- Rinderpest is caused by an ultravirile and filtrable virus which becomes attached to the white the white cells of the blood and blood forming Organs.Item A practical Policy for Tsetse Reclamation and field Experiment(1939/1940) Napier,S.The fire-exclusion and hardpan clearing experiment has continued over a period of nine years, but this is no criterion of the length of time the finished method, evolved from the experiment, would take to be effective. It cannot be insisted too strongly that what has been described is an experiment pure and simple. Ample time, allowing for a cycle of years unfavorable to the tsetse, when the population fell naturally (which might have been interpreted mistakenly as success for the experiment) had to be allowed. Then when the time came to clear the hard pans an effort was made to find the minimum of bush it was necessary to cut out and accordingly the measure could only be applied slowly. The aim must be to evolve a method which will reclaim land in three or four years. It is apposite to add that the nine-year fire exclusion experiment has shown that almost the maximum effect that can be obtained from fre-exclusion is reached comparatively quickly, in the fourth year. Thereafter the effect increases but slowly. In practice, of course, clearing of the hardpans would be done pari passlI with fire-exclusion, not after several years of fire-exclusion as was done in the experiment.Item Numerical Data on African Birds' Behaviour at the Nest.-II. Psalidoprocne Holomelena Massaicaneum., the Roughwing Bank-Martin.(1940) Moreau R.EThe observations on which this paper is based have been made almost wholly by Africans, under the conditions described in the first paper in this series, which dealt the Hirundo smithii Leach. The cost of the observations Psalidoprocne was met mainly out of a grant by the Institute for the Study of Animal Behavior.Item Notes on Animal Diseases(1940) Veterinary Services,There exists amongst mammals and birds a group of closely related diseases which are characterized by the development, usually on the skin, of a lesion called a pox, or variola,a lesion which has been recognized since ancient times. In mammals it begins typically as a small red spot. Twenty-four hours later the upper layers of the skin in the Centre of the spot thicken and, after a further day, a vesicle containing a drop of clear, yellowish, serous fluid develops. Later the surface of the vesicle becomes depressed and the contents cloudy. After several more days the contents of the vesicles dry and the swelling disappears from the skin. Eventually the scab drops off. This a scab is very rich in the causal virus and is the vehicle by which the disease is spreadItem The Locust Tracheal Mite(1940) Harris, W.Mites Are Found Living On Many Insects. Some Appear To Show Little Preference For A Particular Part Of Their Host And Are To Be Discovered Inuozens Clinging To Any Part Of The Unfortunate Insect That Offers A Foothold. Others Are More Specialized, and Attach Themselves to One Part Only, As Is the Case with One Mite That Lives On the Antenna: Of A Particular Ant. Dung Beetles Frequently Support A Large Population Of White Or Yellow Mites On The Under-Surface Of Their Bodies; Grasshoppers Are Often Found With Bright Red Mites On Their Wings; While The Caterpillars Of The Smallest Moths Have Their Own Particular Small Mite.
