Animal Health
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Item The activity of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics against Trypanosoma Brucei(1998) Maina, W.N.N.; Kinyanjui, B.; Onyango, D.J.; Auma, E.J.; Croft, C.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), P.O. Box 362, Kikuyu, Kenya,; Overseas Development Administration Technical Co-operation through British Council and Kenya GovernmentThe trypanocidal activity of four aminoglycosides was determined against Trypanosoma brucei in vitro. The drug activity in descending order, was as follows; paromomycin kanamycin>gentamycin > neomycin. Paromomycin bad the highest activity and the concentration that inhibited 50% of trypanosome growth (IC50) was 11.4microM. The effect of paromomycin on the causative agents of the East African form of sleeping sickness - T.b. rhodesiense KETRI 265, 2285, 2545, 2562 and EATRO 110,112, 1152 was subsequently assessed. Variations sensitivities between the trypanosome populations were observed and IC50 values ranging from 13.01 to 43.06 microM recorded. However, when paromomycin was administered intraperitoneally (i.p) at 500 mg/kg, it was not effective in curing mice infected with T. b. rhodesienseKETRI 2545 the most drug-sensitive isolate in vitro. Lack of in vivo activity may be because the trypanosome is an extracellular parasite. The pharmacokinetics of paromomycin in the mouse model need to be determined.Item Adaptation and Possible Attenuation of Theileria Parva-Infected Cells Grown in Irradiated Mice(1976) Irvin, A.D.; Brown, C.G.D.; Stagg, D.A.; Kanhai, G.K.; Kimber, C.D.; Radley, D.E.; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, Muguga, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu, KenyaTheileria parva-infected bovine lymphoid cells were taken from 8 cattle immediately after death from East Coast fever (ECF). Cells were inoculated into groups of irradiated Swiss and athymic nude mice. Cells became established in one group of Swiss mice and 2 groups of athymic mice. Development of cells in mice only occurred if cells concurrently established in culture; when establishment in culture was delayed, cells failed to develop in mice. Cells from one of the isolates in athymic mice were passaged 6 times through further mice. On inoculation of these mouse-passaged cells into cattle, the animals underwent mild reactions and subsequently resisted a lethal ECF challenge. The possibility of vaccinating cattle against ECF by means of mouse passaged cells merits further study.Item Aerial Applications of Insecticides for Tsetse Fly Control in East Africa(1969) Lee, C.WSince 1948, research has progressed in East Africa on the control of tsetse flies by ,leria. applications of insecticides. Initial experiments proved that residual spray treatments were ineffective while repeated applications of coarse aerosols gave promising fly mortalities. In recent years, with the development of more toxic insecticides used in conjunction with improved thermal exhaust equipment and modified rotary atomizers, sprays with fine aerosol characteristics have been produced at considerably reduced cost. Aerial applications of aerosols are confined to early morning and late afternoon when weather conditions are stable, but large areas can be treated during these short intervals, and the technique is efficient and economical. Control of tsetse flies has been good; where complete isolation of an area has been possible, eradication has been achieved.Item Agro-Pastoralists’ Awareness and Knowledge on Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Two Selected Counties in Kenya(Taylor & Francis Online, 2022-11-01) Ouya, F.O.; Bett, E.; Nguhiu, P.; Makokha, S.; Mwirigi, M.K.; Kenyatta University ; International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research OrganizationPoor identification of Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia diseases from its signs and symptoms is a major problem to goat farmers which leads to use of wrong method of disease control. The uptake of control strategies like vaccination by farmers depends on many factors while awareness and knowledge become the foundation of the technology adoption processes. This therefore necessitated a study to understand the level of awareness and knowledge of Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, which is a highly infectious goat disease. The study analysed and used cross-sectional data collected from 342 households interviewed in October, November, and December 2020 in Kajiado County and Taita Taveta County in Kenya. These two counties are dominated by agro pastoralists and goat keeping is predominant. The study examines the factors influencing the agro pastoralists’ knowledge and level of awareness on the six major signs and symptoms of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia disease differentiating it from other goat diseases. Multivariate probit model was the main data analysis method used. Results show that agro pastoralists’ level of knowledge and awareness on Contagious Caprine Pleuropnemonia disease depend significantly on other factors such as the gender of household head, age, education level, household size, access to extension services, and group dynamics. The findings imply that policymakers and agricultural development partners should increase public and private investment on agro pastoralists’ training and education programmes which is one of the main pathways for increasing public awareness in livestock dominated areas.Item The Allergic Reaction in Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia(1964) Gourlay, R.N.; East African Veterinary Research Organization, Muguga KenyaSerological diagnosis of Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP) has been primarily by means of the complement fixation test (CFT), but also to a lesser extent by the slide agglutination serum test (SAST), the slide agglutination blood test (SABT) and the agar gel double diffusion precipitin test (AGT). All these tests, except possibly the slide agglutination tests, require some laboratory facilities and the case of the CFT quite elaborate ones. In addition, all these tests, except possibly the SABT, necessitate the numbering of each animal for subsequent identification. These factors form a serious obstacle to the diagnosis of CBPP in some countries of Africa due to the vast distances between the laboratory and outbreaks of the disease and the lack of communications and transport. The development, therefore, of a simple diagnostic test, along the lines of the tuberculin test, has had a high priority in research programmes on CBPP in East Africa.Item Allergy Problems with Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccines(Beadle, G.G., 1971) Beadle, G.G.; University of LiverpoolBetween 1965 and 1968 many cattle in the state of lower Saxony in Western Germany were inosculated with foot and foot disease (FMD) vaccine made in South America laboratories of the Welcome Foundation inactivated Frenkel vaccine and formalin. Inactivated baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell vaccine, and mixtures of the two had been used. In the autumn of 1968 many cattle being inoculated with formalin inactivated BHK cell vaccine made at the Wellcome Laboratory Pirbright at the Wellcome Laboratory, Hannover showed symptoms.Item Alternative Complement Pathway Activity in Experimental Surra(1998) W. Ouma, J.O.; Olaho-Mukani, W.; Whishitemi, B.E L.; Guya, S.O.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Division of Biochemistry and Immunology, Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research InstituteHaemolytic complement activity in dromedary camels Infected with Trypanosoma evansi was assayed under alternative pathway conditions. Complement fixing antibody titres and circulating trypanosomal antigen levels were also monitored throughout the infection period. A rapid initial increase (47%) in mean alternative pathway haemolytic complement (ACH5o) level occurred during the first week of infection. ACH50 levels later decreased significantly in infected camels and recovered only after drug treatment was started. The mean ACH 50 units of un-infected control camels showed only slight variations throughout the study and were significantly higher than those of infected camels (pItem Amani Memoirs.(1940) Moreau, R.E.; Winifred, M.M.; East African Agricultural Research Station, AmaniRecently we have undertaken the hand-rearing of young Lophoceros melanoleucos and young Bycanistes cristatus. In nature these species form an interesting contrast: the former is omnivorous and something of a predator; the latter is frugivorous. The female Lophoceros breaks her way out of the nest-hole when the young are barely half fledged and thereafter helps her mate to feed them; the female Bycanistes remains in the nest with her offspring (usually only one) until it is ready to fly.Item Amicarbadile in East Coast Fever(1961) Brocklesby, D.W.; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, MugugaAmicarbalide isethionate* (3: 3' diamidinocarbanalide di-isethionate) is a useful drug for the treatment of Babesia divergens infection (Ashley, Berg & Lucas, 1960; Beveridge, Thwaite & Shepherd. 1960). Shone, Wells & Waller (1961), concluded that amicarbalide possessed advantages over phenamidine isethionate for the treatment of Babesia bigemina infection in cattle. It can, therefore, be anticipated that the compound will soon be available in Africa for the treatment of red water in cattle due to infection with B. higemina. Since most newly introduced babesicides and antimalarial drugs are immediately used for the treatment of field cases of East Coast fever, for which there is as yet no effective therapy, it is felt advisable that the following trial be reported.Item The Analysis of a Tsetse-Fly Population(1940) Jackson, C. H. N.; East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationThe method has been developed in three earlier papers (Jackson, 1932, 1937, 1939), and further modifications have become necessary. Flies are caught, marked and recovered, and from the recaptures it is possible to estimate population, death, birth (emergence) and migration.Item The Analysis of a Tsetse-Fly Population. II(1944) Jackson, C. H. N.; East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationThis paper continues a previous contribution (1941 a), and presents earlier and later data hitherto Unpublished. The work was done in Tanganyika Territory at and about Kakoma, of which the surroundings have already been described (1937). From January 1935 to April 1938, with an inter- ruption of a little more than five months in 1936, tsetse-flies (Glossina morsitans) were marked in a nearly square rectangle 1-8 sq. miles in area (Fig. 1). From July 1938 to May 1940 inclusive, a new and larger square replaced the old one; and from late August 1938 to id-August 1939 a similar new square was in operation at Kisoko, 8 miles from Kakoma, in country which until the end of July 1939 was protected from the normal annual grass fires (194Ia),Item The animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma rhodesiense and Trypanosoma gambiense(1954) Fairbairn H.In October, 1934, clean laboratory~bred Glossina morsitans were fed on an untreated case of Rhodesian sleeping sickness (Corson, 1936). The strain of T. rhodesiense thus isolated, has since been passaged through sheep by cyclically infected, laboratory~bred G. morsitans, and each year its infectivity to man has been tested. The strain was still infective to man when tested early in 1953 (Annual Report, E.A.T.T.R.R.O.), i.e. 18 1/2 years after its isolation from the patient.Item Animal Trypanosomiasis control economic assessment and applied research on glossina control in the dry savanna zones(1975) Negrin,M.; Maclaman,K.J.R.As the Ministry of overseas Development of the United Kingdom had favourably responded to a technical assistance request from the Government of Botswana to review the operations for the control of animal trypanosomiasis a joint mission was planned with Mr.K.J.R Maclcman.Item Animal Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Africa, 1949(1949) Hornby, H. E.; East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationAfter Professor P. A. Buxton had toured East and Central Africa in 1946-47 on behalf of the Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomiasis Committee in London, he recommended that a veterinary expert should make a similar journey with the object of reporting on the loss of domestic animals from trypanosomiasis and of making recommendations for research and practical measures of control.Item Animal Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Africa, 1949(1949) East Africa Trypanosomiasis Research OrganizationThe trypanosomiases form a group of allied diseases, each of which is due to infection with a specific trypanosome. By all criteria the following trypanosomes causing disease of animals in East and Central Africa are good species: Trypanosoma theileri, T. congolense, T. simice, T. vivax, T. uniforme and T. evansi. In spite of its close relationship with T. evansi, almost everyone considers T. brucei was also a good species. These are the trypanosomes with which East African veterinarians may have to deal, and so the diseases to which they give rise are described fairly fully. In addition, there are two trypanosomes, T. gambiens (!l and T. rhodesiense, whose taxonomic positions are uncertain because they are morphologically identical with T. brucei, but which differ from it by being pathogenic to man, and differ from each other by somewhat inconstant biological characters. As, however, these names are still in general and well-understood use they also have been referred to as though they were good species, and their actions on domestic animals have been described..Item Anti-trypanosomal effects of Azadiracta indica (neem) extract on Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-infected mice(2009) Ngure, M.R.; Ongeri, B.; Karori, M.S.; Wachira, W.; Ronald, G.M.; Kibugu, J. K.; Wachira F.N.; Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, b Department of Biochemistry, University of Nairobi, c Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteAn in vivo study was carried out to determine the anti-typanosomal effect of aqueous extracts of the bark of A:adiracta indica (neem) m Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense-infected mice. The extracts were orally administered ad libitum twenty four hours post-infection for three days to mice after dose determination and toxicity testing. The effect of the extracts in trypanosome-infected mice was monitored for 20 days by determining changes the packed cell volume (PCV), parasitemia levels and survival rate. The bark extracts of the neem plant did not show any acute toxicity to the uninfected Animals because no significant effect on weight and PCV was recorded. However, infection with T. b. rhodesiense led to a decrease in weight and PCV, the decrease being more in those animals that were given water only and low doses of plant extracts the extracts produced a dose dependent effect at delaying onset of parasites appearance in circulation, decreasing level of parasitemia and PCV. Treatment with 1000 mg/kg of plant extract was comparable to and in some cases more effective than suramin, a known trypanocidal drug.Item Antibodies to Malignant Catarrhal Fever Virus in Cattle with Non-Wildebeest associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever(1983) Rossiter P.BIn East Africa most cases of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) are caused by a herpesvirus (MCFV) of wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) (Plowright, Ferris and Scott, 1960) and infected cattle produce antibodies to MCFV antigens (Rossiter, J essett, Mushi and Karstad, 1980). Sheep have been implicated by circumstantial evidence (Gotze, 1934; Piercy, 1954) as potential reservoirs of infection in other parts of the world. Although the causative agent of non-wildebeest-associated (NW A)-MCF has not been isolated, antibodies to MCFV have been demonstrated in some sheep sera (Rossiter, 1981), which suggests that they may carry a related virus. Sera from cattle with NWA-MCF were therefore examined for antibodies to MCFV to obtain further information about the aetiology of the disease.Item The Antigenicity of Mycoplasma mycoides III-Isolation of Precipitating Antigens from Urine.(1965) Gourlay, R.N.; Palmer, R.F.; East African Veterinary Research Organisation, Muguga, P.O. Box 32, Kikuyu, KenyaPrecipitation of urine with increasing volumes of iso-propyl alcohol, removing the precipitate at each step and deproteinization with chloroform and butanol, produced a number of fractions which gave specific precipitin hands in the agar gel precipitin test when diffused against hyperimmune sheep sera, and which were Molisch positive and biuret negative. The number of precipitin bands produced with the different fractious depended on the amount of alcohol used for the precipitation. In a series of experiments in which the precipitate produced by each volume of alcohol was removed before the next volume of alcohol was added, 1 and 2 volumes of alcohol produced fractions which gave 6 precipitin bands, while 3 volumes produced a precipitate which gave 4 hands or occasionally 5. Precipitates from 4 and 5volumes produced 4 bands, whereas 6 volumes gave only 2 bands. P.1/2/3, the result of precipitation with 3 volumes of alcohol added in one aliquot, gave 6 precipitin bands, whereas P.4/5/6, the result of precipitation with a further 3 volumes of alcohol followed by alternate precipitation with 3 and 6 volumes, gave 2 strong and 2 weak precipitin bands.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein by the Ruminant(1957) French, M.H.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research OrganizationThe digestibility of the crude-protein equivalent (N >< 6•25) of rations containing urea conforms with the general equation, y = 70 log x - 15, correlating the dry-matter crude-protein content (x) with its coefficient of digestibility (y), irrespective of whether the urea nitrogen is absorbed as ammonium salts or converted to microbial protein prior to digestion.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein By The Ruminant(1957) Glover, J.; French, M.H.; Duthie, D.W.; East African Agricultural and Forestry research OrganizationThe general equation, y = 70 log x - 15, connecting the digestibility coefficient, to x, the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of the feed of ruminants, which was proposed in an earlier paper, has been shown to fit all the directly determined world data for cattle, sheep and goats which have been published by Schneider (1947). It is applicable to rations composed of both single and mixed feeds for it is the total percentage of crude protein in the ration which determines its digestibility.
