Fishery
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Item Mundulea Fish Poison(1936) Greenway, P.J.; Contribution from the East African Agricultural Research StationAttention has recently been drawn by Worsley to the insecticidal possibilities of Mundulea sericea (Willd.) Green way, comb. nov. The following is an account of its botany, ecology, distribution and recorded uses as a poison.Item Weight-Length Relationships for Certain Scombroid Fishes from the Equatorial Western Indian Ocean(1940) Merrett, N. R.The East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization (E.A.M.F.R.O.) is at present conducting a tuna long line survey in the equatorial western Indian Ocean. During this survey, which began in September 1964, the weights and lengths of all specimens of scombroid species caught have been recorded. Sufficient data have now been collected from three species of tuna and two species of bill fish to enable the calculation of reliable weight length relationships.Item The families of freshwater fishes of Tanganyika Territory, with a key to their identification(1949) Lockley, G. J ; Department of Agriculture, TanganyikaEvery specimen should be accompanied by a label giving details of locality, altitude, date, method of capture, sex (if known) and any other relevant items such as the colour of the fish in life. Such labels are best written on unsized paper with a 2B pencil or on parchment paper with waterproof Indian ink.Item The Bulb Eelworm Disease of Narcissus in Kenya(1950) Nattrass, R.M.The Bulb Eelworm disease of Narcissus species has long been the cause of serious loss Europe. It has only recently (1949) been recorded in Kenya. In appearance the disease symptoms are similar to those usually associated with fungi or bacteria. It is, however caused by an elworm Anguillulina dipsacngItem The Sea Fisheries of Kenya(1950) Allfree, T.E.; Hugh, C.The possibilities of the utilization of the sea fishes off the coast of Kenya has been discussed since 1928 but it was really the late war that focused attention on this matter. Since the war much discussion has taken place and various attempts have been made by individuals and commercial interests to make wealth out of our sea fishes. Our newspapers have also shown great interest in these matters. The time seems appropriate to examine the possibilities for the utilization of our sea fishes and to put before the public a comprehensive view of the whoe question and to discuss the various methods by which advancement can be made.Item The Tilapias of Kenya Colony(1952) Copley, H.; Warden, F.Paratilapia with 30 species, and Tilapia with 60 species are distributed over a large part of Africa from the South Central regions, including Madagascar, northward to Asiatic Syria; and it may well be that these two genera are the most ancient and primitive migrants from Eastern South America.Item Fishery research in the lakes of East Africa(1954) Beauchamp, R. S. A.; East African Fisheries Research Organization, UgandaFishery research is the study of fish in relation to their environment; little can be learnt about them until we have a fair knowledge of the conditions in which they live. The need for this knowledge is made very obvious to the biologist working on inland fisheries. Forxample,the same species of fish occur in anumber of East African lakes, in some theygrow to a considerable size. weighing several pounds, while in others they never exceed afew ounces in weight. No explanation of these facts is likely to arise from investigations confined solely to the study of the fish themselvesItem Dagaa fisheries in lake Tanganyika(1954) Lockley, G. J.; Department of Agriculture, Tanganyika TerritoryThe dagaa industry of Lake Tanganyika is the Territory's most valuable inland fishery. The small sardine-like dagaa are marketed in a sun-dried form and this product is in great demand by employers of fed labour, particularly in the sisal industry. Over the past few years, sales of the value of exports of dried dagaa from the Lake Tanganyika area has been of the order of £150,000 per annum and approximately one-third of this amount is usually obtained in hard currency from sales to the neighboring Belgian Territories. On the production side the industry is entirely in the hands of Africans and at least 6,000, using upwards of 2,000 canoes, are believed to be engaged in the fishery.Item Small-scale fish meal production under tropical conditions(1954) Marshall, B.; Bredon, R. M.; Animal Health Research Centre, Entebbe, UgandaAt the present time there is a world shortage of protein which affects both the human population and its livestock. This shortage is very pronounced in Uganda, where the principal locally grown foodstuffs are of a starchy nature, and, since the intake of food by humans or animals is limited by bulk, these foods cannot supply sufficient proteins for normal requirements. Certain amounts of meat, fish, beans and groundnuts are consumed, but the supply is far below the need. There is, however, a considerable waste of protein-rich food from the fish industry, which consists of unsaleable fish and fish offals. The consumption of fish by the Uganda population is greatly influenced by taboo and local taste, and because of this the demand for various species of fish varies from one district to another. The climatic conditions and the difficulties of transport make the distribution of fresh fish expensive.Item Species of tilapia in East African dams, with a key for their identification(1954/1955) Rosemary, H.L.; East African Fisheries Research Organization, Jinja, UgandaIn East Africa there are at least 20 species of fish belonging to the genus Tilapia. It seems that certain species were at one time restricted to particular areas; for example, the "ngege", Tilapia escllienla, and the "mbiru", T. variabilis, occurred, as far as we know, only in the Lake Victoria catchment area and in Lake Kyoga. However, these and other species have been used for stocking dams throughout the three territories, with the result that their earlier geographical distribution has been greatly altered, and several species which were restricted in their distribution are now widely distributed. There are more than a dozen species of Tilapia in dams and ponds in various parts of East Africa. The culture of these fish is still carried out rather empirically; until more is known of the behaviour of the different species it is highly advisable that new dams should only be stocked with species already in the drainage area. A possible exception to this recommendation might, however, be made in favour of the easily recognizable weed-eating species T. zillii and T. melanoplellra. In all cases when new dams or ponds are stocked records should be kept of the origin of the Tilapia used.Item The Fecundity of Tilapia Species(1956) Rosemary, H. L.Fecundity has been defined as the number of young produced by an individual during its lifetime. Factors influencing fecundity are: length of breeding season, frequency of spawning during a breeding season, the number of eggs laid at a spawning. and the care taken of eggs before and after hatching. 2. According to whether they care for their young outside or inside the mouth, Tilapia can be classified as "guarders" or "brooders". Generally, guarders produce many small eggs and brooders fewer, large ones. 3. Only four species are known to be guarders: T. sparrmani. T. guillasalla. T. melanopleura and T. zillii. The remainder are brooders. 4. Due to the different breeding biology of the two groups, the fecundity of guarders depends upon the number of paired fishes, whereas in brooders it is determined by the number of ripe females. 5. In the genus Tilapia. evolution appears to have been towards a reduction in the number of eggs produced, and towards the development of a brooding habit.Item A Preliminary Note on the Breeding And Growth of Tilapia in Marine Fish Ponds On Zanzibar Island(1956/1957) Talbot, F. H.; Newell, B. S.The following notes describe an initial experiment in the stocking of marine fish ponds operated by the Organization with a species of wild Tilapia found in the estuarine reaches of the Mzinga Mzinga stream, at the north-western end of Zanzibar Island. This species had been collected twice previously from Zanzibar. It is closely allied to Tilapia mossambica (Peters) and to Tilapia pangani Lowe, being fairly similar to the latter but differing from it in the lateral line scale count. It is possibly a distinct species, and Dr. Trewavas of the British Museum is working on its systematic position.Item Notes On the Biology of the Dorade Or Dolphin-Fish (Coryphaena Hippurus) East African Waters(1957) Williams, F.; Newell, B.S.The routine cruises of Research, the vessel of the East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization, from January, 1952, to December, 1956, in East African coastal waters, have brought to light much interesting information regarding the biology of the dolphin-fish or dorade (Coryphaena hippurus L.) and its relation to the prevailing oceanographic conditions.The dorade is taken in large numbers by the native fishermen in Zanzibar, Tanganyika and Kenya at certain times of the year, and is commercially valuable. The flesh soon goes soft without refrigeration and, consequently, fishing takes place close to the home port or center of distribution.Item Indigenous River Fishing Methods in Kenya(1958) Whitehead, P.J.P.; Ministry of Forest Development, Game and Fisheries, Nairobi.The fishing methods described here are those which have been employed on Kenya rivers for hundreds, perhaps thousands, of years. African rural settlement has always been controlled by the proximity of water, and daily visits to streams, rivers and lakes must from early times have revealed the vast potential source of food abundant in the freshwaters of Kenya. Many of the fishing devices used, such as the wicker basket trap, have a wide distribution throughout the African continent. Indeed, the principle underlying almost all trapping devices is found in many widely separated regions. Thus the fishermen of Lake George and the Jaluo of Nyanza Province, Kenya, employ identical baskets for trapping in shallow swamps (the ihafwa shown in Fig. 1B). Again, the highly developed barrier traps (kek) of the Jaluo appear in identical form but on a larger scale on the Congo. Although an ancient prototype is probable, biological and mechanical necessities so govern design that the possibility of independent discovery and elaboration cannot be dismissed. Oral tradition, which may reach back seven to ten generations, has, however, thrown little light on the evolution of fishing methods, the present designs being apparently much older than this. Archaeological evidence in Kenya has also been disappointing, being scanty and limited to fish remains in association with culinary artefacts or occasionally bone hooks. Basket traps and barriers do not survive long in an area of ever-changing river courses. In Egypt, however, an accurate pictorial record has survived which shows that line fishing, spearing and netting were already practised in the 5th Dynasty (2,500 BC) and that pond culture of Tilapia can be dated from the same period (Chimitz, 1958). There is, however, no indication in the bas reliefs quoted of woven basket traps although one might expect their invention to have preceded that of nets. In the past the large and important cichlid fisheries of Lake Victoria have overshadowed what little was known of river fishing activities. But recently, two surveys have been undertaken by the Fishery Division (Research) of the Ministry of Forest Development, Game and Fisheries (on the lower Athi (or Sabaki)Item A Preliminary Report on Deep Water Fishing Off the North Kenya Coast(1958) Williams, F.The attention of this organization was first drawn to the possibility of bottom-fish in quantity in deep water off the North Kenya Coast, as a result of a cruise to the area made by the Provincial Fish Warden (Coast), Mr. E. Allfree, in the m.v. Menika during March, 1956. On the 24th and 25th of that month 160 fishes, mainly Changus (Lethrinidae), Snappers (Lutianidae) and Sali-Sali (Pristipomoides spp.), weighing 1,862 lb. were caught in water of 46-65 fathoms,Item The Culture of Tilapia Nigra (Gunther) In Ponds Growth after Maturity in Male T. Nigra(1959) Someren,V.D; Whitehead,P.JFish cultural research at the Inland Research Station of this Ministry, at Sagana, has been concentrated mainly on the factors affecting the growth of T. nigra under controlled pond conditions.Item The River Fisheries of Kenya I-Nyanza Province(1959) Whitehead, P.J.P.An Investigation of the river fisheries of Nyanza Province has shown that there is a large and heavily exploited source of fish, the estimated annual yield of which exceeds 2,000 tons. The Kenya river fisheries as a whole may thus rival the marine fisheries in size. Preliminary findings, after a year of observations, were discussed in an Interim Report in which, however, it was stressed that further biological work was essential before accurate recommendations could be safely made. A second year of observation has now amply confirmed the initial overall impression, viz. increasing exploitation and, by excessive destruction of potential breeding stocks, a trend returns. Since such a situation parallels that found on Lake Victoria itself, it is not difficult to predict the final outcome on the rivers should conservation measures be delayed.Item Sharks of the western Indian Ocean I - Loxodon macrorhinus M.& H.(1959) Wheeler, J.F.G.; East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization, ZanzibarThis paper is the first of a series intended to assist in the identification of the sharks of the East African coast, where many different species are caught but very little is known about them.Item The sea we fish in(1959) Morgans, J.F.C; East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization, ZanzibarMost of us realize that different forms of country such as savannah, swamp and forest, harbour different animals and that they move about or,perhaps, change their behaviour 3S their climate changes during the year. The same is true for fishes in the sea. Fishermen know that some sorts inhabit coral reefs, where as others are typically found over sandy bottoms and yet others in open water. But so far as the sea is concerned, little is known of the seasonal changes in the underwater climate off East Africa and of the effects of these changes on the fishes.Item A Study of a Small Basket-Trap River Fishery In Kenya(1959) Van Someren, D. V.An analysis is given of seven months' operation in 1957 of a small basket-trap fishery in the Ragati-Sagana river junction area, at an altitude of 3,940 feet in Kenya. The hydrological regime of the two rivers during this period is described, both rivers showing the twice yearly flood periods typical of most eastward flowing rivers in Kenya, with which are associated changes in conductivity and turbidity only three genera of fish enter such a fishery, two species of Anguilla, and one each of Barbus and Labeo. Though total catch showed a diminution in this period in spite of increased effort, this does not necessarily indicate a diminution of total stock available, since all these fish are migratory. Although the effect of fishing on total fish stocks is thus not clear over such a short period, the fishery appeared to alter the composition of the local fish stocks, Labeo dominance in early catches being replaced later by a Barbus dominance. It is suggested that this change may be due todifferences in the biology of the two genera, and data available from the trap catches concerning migration, food, sex ratio, maturity state and length /weight relationship are discussed. Studies on age and growth of these fish are not yet complete. The results have shown that such a small basket-trap fishery is relatively inefficient from a cash profit aspect, but it can nevertheless contribute materially on an individual subsistence basis to alleviating protein malnutrition, since the supply, though small, is fairly regularly obtainable at negligible cost in such rivers.
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