Dairy
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Item Effect of Milking and Post Calving Supplementation on the Performance (And Herbage Intake) of Different Crossbred Beef Cows and Their Calves in a Semi –Arid Area of Kenya(University of Nairobi, 1990) Anindo, D.O.The effects on production of milking grazed crossbred cattle with or without a dietary supplement (2 kg dairy meal daily for 3 to 4 months post-partum) were studied at Athi River ranch in a semi-arid area of Kenya. The cows were Ayrshire, Friesian or Simmental breeds crossbred with foundation females of Boran, East African Short Horn Zebu, Sahiwal and their crosses with Hereford breed. During each year of the three year study, they were divided into four matched groups according to parity and date of calving and grazed during day time'. Their calves, sired by either Sinmental or Boran bulls were allocated to the same treatment groups, however, during experiments 2 and 3 in 1987 and 1988, half the calves in each experiment treatment group were creep fed for about four months commencing approximately one month from birthItem The Effect of Mixtures of Milk and Gruel on Calf Performance(1991) Njuho, P.M.; Odongo, E.N.; Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteSmall scale dairy farms in Kenya account for about 75% of the total milk production' (Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock development, 1983). However, these farms experience very high calf mortality rates (1~20 %) and low daily growth rates « '·300 g) due to poor feeding (Stotz, 1979). This is attributed to the increasing use of milk as a human food, which makes it difficult to spare sufficient quantities for calves.Item Effectiveness of Information Flows in Livestock(University of Nairobi, 2003) Ndungu, J.M.The agricultural sector in Kilifi district has been faced by poor performance due to insufficient rainfall, poor prices, and poor rural access roads. The poor performance is also reflected in the inability of the district to satisfy its food needs thus remaining a net food importer (KDDP2002-2008). Barriers to information have played a role in low uptake of dairy technologies and an understanding of the various factors will help in unraveling this circumstances surrounding the low levels of dairy technologies uptake.Item The Effects of Non-Genetic Factors on Dairy Cattle Performance in East Africa Estimation of the Seasonal and Parity Differences(1973) Kiwuwa, G.H.; Makerere UniversityThe weather and climatic regimes in the tropical one are such that seasonal grouping can be done by dividing the calendar year into either the dry and the rainy months or the hot, warm and the cool months of the year. In the Sub-tropical zones of India, Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, Middle East and Australia, seasonal classification is to some degree similar to what is used for the temperate zone.Item Evaluation of Cassava as an Energy Source in Concentrate Feed for Dairy Cows in Kenya(1990) Sanda, A.I.; Methu, J.N.; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre-Muguga, Kenya.Two experiments were carried out to investigate the optimal inclusion level of cassava root meal in dairy concentrates using 12 and 10 lactating cows in 3 x 3 and 2 x 2 latin square designs respectively, Milk yield and butterfat for rations A, B and C containing 0, 200, and 450 g/kg cassava root meal respectively (experiment 1) were 11.7, 11.6kg/day and 3.7, 4.0 and 3.1% respectively. The OM percentage digestibilities were 63.2, and 68.7 respectively. The differences between the diets were not significant (P>0.05). In experiment 2, (rations D and E with 0 and 570 g/kg cassava respectively) milk yields were 11.3 and 11.1 kg/day respectively; the treatment means were not significantly (P>0.05). Milk fat concentration for each of the diets was 4.2%. Total substitution of maize meal with cassava had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the in-vivo digestibility of either DM or OM. The DM digestibilities for diets D and E were 66.1 and 68.0% respectively. Costing of the feed ingredients used in compounding the concentrae diets revealed that 100% substitution of maize meal with cassava meal was economical and was associated with a reduction in the feed cost of Ksh. 328 (18 U.S. dollars) per tonne. The results indicate that cassava meal is an acceptable ingredient in the concentrate feeds for dairy cows and can totally substitute for maize meal even at high levels of 570 g/kg.Item Factors Affecting the Composition of Milk and the Quality of Butterfat(1938) French, M.H. ; Veterinary Department, Tanganyika Territory.Milk is the food elaborated by the mother for the nourishment of her young until such time as they are able to digest and assimilate the normal food of their species. Milk is an emulsion of fat globules in a colloidal solution of proteins, lactose and mineral matter. At birth, mammalian young differ considerably because the extent of intra-uterine development varies with each species. Since milk is nature's food designed to meet the requirements of these varyingly developed offspring, the composition of the mother's milk must differ between species. These variations can affect the levels of any or all of its constituents. The word" milk" is now almost synonymous with" cow's milk", because this species has been selected and bred by man for increasingly big milk yields in order that cow's milk could play a larger and larger role in human dietetics. The study of factors affecting milk and butterfat compositions has therefore been made very largely on cow's milk although these same changes would be paralleled in the differently composed milks of other species. The following remarks are restricted to cow's milk and deal only with the variations in the fat and non-fatty solids. THE INFLUENCE OF BREED There is a marked difference between the breeds of cows in the fat content of their milks, eg the difference between Jersey and Friesian milk is well known. When such breeds as the Zebu and the Friesian (with their widely differing fat contents) are inter-bred the amount of fat in the milk of the offspring varies directly with the amount of Zebu blood in these grade animals. Not only is there a difference in the fat content between breeds but the size of the fat globule varies from the large globules in Guernsey milk to the small ones in Ayrshire or Friesian milks. The larger the globule the easier it is to separate the cream and to make butter, whereas milks with small globules are better suited for cheese production. The colour of butterfat varies enormously between the different breeds, and milks with a higl! ly coloured fat, such as that from the Channel Island breeds, are often mixed with the milks from other breeds (Ayrshire and Friesian), which have pale coloured fats, to improve the attractiveness of the cream layer. Because the colour of butterfat is derived very largely from the carotene of the food, the colour varies directly with the amount of green foods in the diet., Since carotene is a precursor of vitamin A, high fat colour is popularly associated with high vitamin A activity of the milk. This is not necessarily correct because vitamin A itself is colourless, and one can have pale milk possessing a greater total vitamin A activity than highly coloured Jersey milk. Both the vitamin A and the carotene contents are dependent on the supply eaten in the food and are liable to marked seasonal fluctuations. However, for each of these substances there is a" ceiling" value for each breed, above which the level cannot be raised. The chemical characteristics of pure butterfat do not vary significantly between breeds (Zebu butterfat is not distinguishable by the ordinary analytical procedures from Ayrshire butterfat).Item Fertility in Kenyan Dairy Cattle 1975 Fifth Evaluation Report of Research Project Fert. 1971/7(National Animal Husbandry Research Station, 1975) National Animal Husbandry Research Station Naivasha - Kenya; Elving, L.; Githendu, S.N.; Osinga, R.A.This is the fifth annual report of the Project Fert. 1971/7 and the last one with the cooperation of the Dutch Departments of Animal Husbandry. In performing this research project the good cooperation between the Dairy Cattle Research Project, the Kenyan Ministry of Agriculture and the Universities of Wageningen and Utrecht was very much appreciated.Item Milk Composition and Yield Characteristics of Mpwapwa Cattle(1971) Kiwuwa, G.H.; Kyomo, M.L.; Makerere University College, Kampala, Uganda; Ministry of Agriculture, Mpwapwa, TanzaniaMajor dairy production traits of East African cattle have been studied by Mahadevan et al.(1961, 1962), and Marples (1963). Late age at first calving, low milk yields, long dry periods and short lactations among the indigenous cattle were reported in each case. Crossbreeding of European breeds of cattle with the indigenous types and upgrading of the indigenous to Indian Zebu were recommended after Galukande et al.(1926), andd Mahadevan and Hutchinson (1964), had conclusively demonstrated the merits of these schemes.Item The Musoma Ghee Industry(1938) French,M.H.; Biochemistry Veterinary department TanganyikaIn the hot and semi-arid regions of the world not only does the yield of milk vary with the seasons but also it is impossible for primitive people to store milk or butter for use during the dry periods of the year. The inhabitants of hot countries were forced to evolve a method of storing butter fat. and the process developed in India has since spread to other tropical areas. The original Hindustani word for the butter fat so prepared was and this term, written as "ghee", has been retained by most workers on this subject.Item National Agricultural Research Project II: Plan of Operations 1995 -1999 National Dairy Cattle Research Programme(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 1999) Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute; Royal Tropical Institute; Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Marketing (MoALDM)The Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) is a parastatal organization, established by the Science and Technology Amendment Act Cap. 250 of 1979 (Laws of Kenya) with a mandate for conducting livestock, crop and factor and regional research programmes in support of further development of the agricultural sector in Kenya. The Institute manages a number of research centres and sub-centres spread out nation-wide, each with a specific mandate that may be national, regional or both.Item A Note on Butter Production and Prices(1938) Liversage, V.; Department Agriculture, Kenya Colony.Fig. 1 illustrates in graphic form the course of prices of butter in London, and of exports from Kenya, from the beginning of 1931. If an attempt is made to steer a middle course through the short period u;:>-and-down movements it will be seen that the trend of prices was steadily downwards to a low point about the middle of 1934 and thence steadily upward to the present time. The trend of exports is steadily upwards from the middle of 1931.Item Plan of Operation 1995 -1999 for The Netherlands Support to the National Dairy Cattle Research Programme(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 1995/1999) Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteThe Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARl) is a parastatal organization, established by the Science and Technology Act Cap. 250 of 1979 (Laws of Kenya) with a mandate for conducting livestock, crop and factor and regional research programmes in support of further development of the agricultural sector in Kenya. The Institute manages a number of research centres and sub-centres spread out nation-wide, each with a specific mandate that may be national, regional or both.Item Production and Use of Concentrates in the Smallholder Dairy Sub-Sector in Kenya(Ministry of Agriculture, 1999) Ministry of Agriculture; Mbugua, N.The objective of this study was to detennine the production and use of concentrates in smallholder dairy cattle sub-sector in Kenya. Concentrates are foodstuffs rich in one or more nutrients and are used to supplement the basal feed on offer to meet specified requirements. The increase in milk production due to supplementation with concentrates will depend on the quality of the basal diet on offer. Some of the common basal feeds used in smallholder dairy farms in Kenya are pasture grasses, crop residues, weeds, green maize chop and napier grass. In areas where holdings are large, pasture forms an important feed resource. As the only feed, good quality pasture will support production of 8 kg of milk per cow per day. It has been estimated that dairy cattle grazing such forage will produce one and a half kilograms of milk for every one kilogram of concentrates offeredItem A Punched Card Key to Species of Trifolium L. In Africa South Of the Sahara Excluding Ethiopia(1966) Mannetje, L.T.This paper provides the necessary information to make a punched card key for the tidentificaltion of indigenous Trifolium species of the Cameroons, Angola, South Africa, Malawi, Tanganyika, Congo, Uganda, Kenya, and the Southern Sudan, with a short description of each taxon. The key should prove useful to both field workers and herbarium botanists.Item Risk Factors for Dairy Cow Mastitis in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia(2004) Mungube E.O.; Tenhagen B.-A.; Kassa T.; Regassa, F.; Kyule, M.N.; Greiner, M.; Baumann, M.P.O.This study, with the objective of assessing the effect of risk factors on dairy cow mastitis in the central highlands of Ethiopia, was undertaken between February and September 2001 in the urban and peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A prevalence study and questionnaire survey were carried out simultaneously. Clinical examination of lactating udders and California mastitis test (CMT) determined clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. Risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis were identified from data on animals and farm management by chi-square analysis and subsequent logistic regression. Cows aged at least 8 years, with poor body condition, with at least 8 parities and in at least the eighth month of lactation had a significantly higher risk for subclinical mastitis (p<0.05). The risk was reduced for cows up to their third parity in good body condition and for cows receiving dry cow therapy. Cows aged at least 4 years, or with at least 8 parities, cows in at least the fourth month of lactation, cows with poor body condition, leaking milk or previous udder infections had a significantly higher risk of clinical mastitis (p<0.05). The risk was reduced by the use of separate towels for udder cleaning and by drying off at the end of lactation. Most of the risk factors were in agreement with previous reports. However, stage of lactation and drying-off style were in contrast to others. Further research is needed to identify the interrelationship between production level, specific pathogens and management risk factors.Item Short Term Consultancy Phase 11 Dec 2001(Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, 2001) Bruntse, A.; Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteDuring ARSP /I (2000/1) work had begun in Ngurunit to start a mini dairy to capture surplus milk production during and after rains. Work had started on the development of camel milk products able to withstand long-term storage. The results of these tests were very encouraging. Additionally, meat preservation methods had been researched and tested under local conditions (see consultancy earlier consultancy reports by Anne Bruntse fromMarch and June 2001).Item Studies of Milk Production in Crossbred Dairy Cattle(1966) Okumu, C.; Berry, J.C.; University of British Columbia, Vancouver8, B.C.CanadaThe objectives of this investigation of milk production in crossbred dairy cattle were to determine class averages for F1 crossbreds and for backcrosses, to study heterosis, results of polyallel analysis, sire combining ability and age of maximum milk production.Item Sustainability of Smallholder Dairy Production Systems in the Semi-Arid Rongai Division of Nakuru District(Animal Production Society of Kenya, 2001) Muhuyi, W.B.; Wekesa, F.W.; Mukisira, E.A.; Mosi, R.O.; Isika, M.; Okore, C.; Kirui, J.; Makori, J.; Lukibisi, F.B.; Kenya Agricultural Research InstituteA survey was conducted in Rongai Division of Nakuru District from July 1997 to November 2000 to identify dairy production systems and to analyse basis for their sustainability. The study involved 61 smallholder farmers. It was found that 67% of the farmers practised semi-zero grazing, 25% extensive grazing and 8% zero-grazing. The dairy production systems were based on Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey, Sahiwal and Crossbreds. Crossbreds accounted for 65-70% in the different production systems. The average farm size was 6 acres and average herd size for extensive grazing was 7 head of cattle, 7 for semi-zero grazing and 12 zero-grazing. The size of landholdings varied under the three production systems. Under zero-grazing 58% of the land was allocated for forage production, whereas in extensive and semi-zero grazing systems, farmers had proportionately allocated 40% of the area to forage production. The basal feeds were natural pastures, Rhodes grass pastures and hay, Napier grass, sorghum silage and sweetpotato vines. Feed supplements were dairy meal, maize, wheat bran and mineral lick. Water was obtained from rivers, roof catchment, boreholes and piped water. The feed quantity and quality varied with the production systems and this affected milk production. The average lactation yield of extensively grazed cows was 2,191,768.50 kg, for semi-zero grazed cows 2,512.80, 1,087.52 kg and 2,407.47, 1,121.31 kg for zero-grazed cows. Milk yield was low in extensive grazing due to the variable feed and long distances covered to get forage. However, milk yield of zero-grazed cows which were mainly Friesians and Friesian-Ayrshire crosses was below the production potential of the breeds and this was attributed to the low dry matter intake from Napier grass and inconsistency in dairy meal and mineral lick supplementation. With optimum stocking rates and good quality forage-legume mixtures, semi-zero and zero-grazing systems are sustainable. In addition to cattle, farmers keep sheep, goats and chicken.
