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Item Variation of Sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi Isolates from Isiolo and Marsabit Counties of Kenya to Locally Available Trypanocidal Drugs(PLoS One, 2023-02-02) Mdachi, R.E.; Ogolla, K.O.; Auma, J.E.; Wamwiri, F.N.; Kurgat, R.K.; Wanjala, K.B.; Mugunieri, L.G.; Chemuliti, J.K.; Mukiria, P.W.; Okoth, S.O.; Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization; East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)\East African Community, Kigali, RwandaTrypanocidal resistance is a major cause of treatment failure. This study evaluated the sensitivity of Trypanosoma evansi field isolates collected from Marsabit and Isiolo counties, Kenya. A total of 2,750 camels were screened using parasitological tests for trypanosomes. Of the screened camels, 113 tested positive from which 40 T. evansi isolates were tested using the single dose mice sensitivity test. Five treatment groups each comprising of 6 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1x105 trypanosomes of each isolate and treated 24 hours later with isometamidium chloride at 1 mg/kg, homidium chloride at 1mg/kg, diminazene aceturate at 20 mg/kg and quinapyramine sulphate & chloride at 1 mg/kg. The fifth group was left untreated (positive control). The mice were monitored daily for 60 days. A survey on camel owners’ practices that influence development of resistance to trypanocidal drugs was then conducted. Results indicated presence of drug resistance in all the 7 study sites that had infected camels. Seven of the isolates tested were resistant to diminazene aceturate whereas, 28, 33 and 34 were resistant to isometamidium chloride, quinapyramine sulphate & chloride and homidium chloride, respectively. Seven (17.5%) isolates of the 40 tested were sensitive to all 4 drugs, whereas, 7.5%, 10%,55% and 10% were resistant to 1,2,3 and 4 drugs, respectively. The prevalence of multiple drug resistance was 75%. Survey data indicated that camel management practices influenced the prevalence and degree of drug resistance. In conclusion, the multiple drug resistance observed in the two counties may not be an indication of total trypanocidal drug failure. Judicious treatment of confirmed trypanosomiasis cases with correct dosage would still be effective in controlling the disease since the observed resistance was at the population and not clonal level. However, integrated control of the disease and the vectors using available alternative methods is recommended to reduce drug use.Item Comparative Trials of D.D.T. And Dieldrin For The Control of the Riverside Tsetse Glossina Palpalis Fuscipes (Newst.)(1956/1957) Le Roux J. G.; Robinson J.; Burnett G.F.Residual deposits of D.DT. have been used with considerable success against the tsetse fly, Glossina palpalis fuscipes (Newst.), in the Nyanza Province of Kenya (Wilson, 1953). It has become standard practice to use "Arkotine", a product of Shell Chemicals Ltd. The tests here described were originally intended to give more accurate information than that hitherto available on the persistence of the formulation as used, and if possible to suggest economies.Item Notes On Animal Diseases Xix-Mastitis In Cattle(1956/1957) Department of Veterinary Services, KenyaMastitis or mammitis is the general name applied to inflammation of the udder; it must be realized that the name does not indicate any specific condition. Most forms of mastitis are difficult to control and the condition is responsible for great losses every year in all dairying countries. As the economic importance of the individual dairy cow rises more and more in Kenya, so will the significance of this condition.Item Cattle Schistosomiasis Host parasite Interactions(Jean De Bont, 1959) De Bont, JSchistosomiasis is a common parasitic infection in cattle in Africa and Asia. Although schistosomes may, under rare conditions favouring intensive transmission, act as important pathogens per se (Kulkarni et al. 1954; Van Wyk et al. 1974; Markovics et al. 1993), most infections in endemic areas occur at a subclinical level. It has however been established that high prevalence rates of subclinical infections cause significant losses due to long-term effects on animal growth and productivity and increased susceptibility to other parasitic or bacterial diseases (Dargie, 1980; Pitchford & Visser, 1982; McCauley et al. 1983, 1984). For that reason and in parallel with studies on species affecting man, schistosomes of veterinary concern have received considerable interest over the last thirty years. Detailed reviews on cattle schistosomiasis have been published (Hussein, 1973; Lawrence, 1978a; Christensen et al. 1983 ; Kumar & de Burbure, 1986; Taylor, 1987). It is therefore not the intention here to provide a comprehensive review on the subject but rather to summarize the information available on those particular aspects discussed later in this thesis.Item The Distribution and Advance of Glossina Morsitans in Southern Darfur District, Sudan(1965) Abdel, M.T.; Yagi, A.I.; Veterinary Research Division of Ministry and Animal ProductionGlossina morsitans was first reported by Yagi and Abdel Razig (1972) from Radom and El Hugeirat areas around Bahr El Arab River, Darfur Province, beyond the northern limits of the main African Tsetse Belt. In the present work, it is intended to study the distribution pattern of G. morsitans in southern and western regions of Southern Darfur District.Item The Visual Responsiveness of the Tsetse Fly, Glossina Morsitans to Moving Objects: The Effects of Hunger, Sex, Host Odour and Stimulus Characteristics.(1972) Brady, J.; Department of Zoology & Applied Entomology, Imperial College of Science & Technology, London SW7The responses of adult Glossina morsitans Westw. to large slowly moving visual stimuli were tested in the laboratory. The standard stimulus, lasting 60 s, consisted of a vertical black stripe (5° wide) on a white background moved 12 times past a window (25° wide) at 13·5°/s. The kinetic responses (take-off), but not orientation towards the stripe, went through a daily cycle with morning and evening maxima some 500% greater than the mid-day response. Kinetic responsiveness in both sexes and all ages of fly increased in an overall linear manner during five days' starvation, though pregnant females were about half as responsive as mature males. The intensity of orientation also increased with starvation, at least in males. For take-off, the minimum stripe width eliciting responses subtended ca 0·6° to the flies, and the optimum angular velocity was 3–7°/s, for orientation, 2–20°/s; the distance of the stripe appeared unimportant. Human odour elicited take-offs in the absence of the visual stimulus, and enhanced the visual responses if these were tested within three minutes of the start of odour stimulation; these effects were much greater in teneral than in mature males. It is concluded that the differences between the sexes and physiological stages of fly are mainly quantitative, and that the accepted view of four physiologically distinguishable phases of behaviour is therefore unsatisfactory. Instead, it is proposed that tsetse behaviour is the outcome of continuously variable responsiveness to visual host stimuli, and not a succession of behavioural entities.Item Sheep Scab in Kenya Colony(1938) Lewis, E.A.; Veterinary Department, Kenya Colony.The prosperity of sheep farming in Kenya, as in other countries, is dependent upon the r-roduction and disposal of mutton or sheep or wool.Item Trypanosomiasis in African Wild Animals(1968) Cunningham, M. P.; Food and Agriculture OrganizationThree-quarters of Africa south of the Sahara is infested with the Tsetse fly. General speaking, because of the trypanosomes transmitted by these flies. where there are Tsetse flies there are no cattle. Tanzania is a good example. If the maps showing distribution of cattle and Tsetse flies in the Atlas of Tanzania ape consulted. it will be seen that one is the reverse of the other. In Tsetse-infested areas. the flies feed on wild animals which are often present in large numbers, and in these animals the pathogenic African trypanosomes are maintainedItem East Africa and the Tsetse Fly(1937) Kirkpatrick, T.W.; East African Agricultural Research StationTropical Africa covers an area of some four and a half million square miles. Nearly two thirds of this is infested by one or more of the twenty one species of the genus Glossina-dull, insignificant looking flies known as tsetses. Perhaps the word is a corruption of the Swahili inzi.Item The Importance of Water in the Management of Cattle(1956) French, M.H.; Joint Animal Industry Division of E.A.V.R.O. and E.A.A.F.R.O.Owing to the constant concern with the metabolic needs of animals for protein, energy, minerals and vitamins, and the attempt to keep up to date with the voluminous and growing literature dealing with these problems, there IS an excuse for many workers, in the well watered temperate areas of the world, omitting to emphasize the fundamental importance of water in animal nutrition. On movement from these areas to the semi-arid regions, where long droughts alternate with seasonal and often short rainy periods, and where livestock experience serious difficulties in finding and consuming sufficient herbage to maintain growth, reproduction and normal sustenance the seasonal water shortages exert such dominating influences that attention is quickly and importantly focused on livestock requirements.
