Livestock
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Item Composite Units For The Mapping Of Complex Soil Associations(1935) Milne G.It often happens that two or more soil types, whose profiles and conditions of formation differ fundamentally, are found in association together, their boundaries forming a pattern which is repeated, with variations, over a considerable extent of country. It is, of course, possible, given the resources of an organised survey, to map such a piece of country in detail; but unless a large-scale map is the object in view, there still remains the problem of generalising the information thus laboriously obtained, for convenient and air representation on a smaller scale. In the undeveloped countries of the tropics the method of detailed survey is rarely practicable, and the description of such an area must depend on the investigation of sample localities and the discovery of a key that will explain matters for the whole area. The problem is then, not the mapping of soil types individually, but the schematic rendering of an association or physiographic complex of soils, defined in general terms in relation to a set of conditions.Item Comparison of Types of Native Cows at African Training Centres, Kenya(1935)There are now established in the Colony. under the control of the Animal Industry Division. Department of Agriculture. Kenya. five centres at which work is being carried out with a view to developing the potential resources of the indigenous cows of the various pastoral tribes for the purpose of milk production.Item Improvement of Native Cattle by Selective Breeding and Herd Management(1935/1936) Anderson J.Records of Improved Production of- Milk by the Use of Natural Grazing Only: Experiments Carried Out At the Native Training Centre, Ngong.Item The Place of Silage in the Dietary of Live Stock(1935/1936) French, M.HThe feeding value of silage is naturally dependent upon the crop from which it has been produced. As almost any green succulent vegetation can be converted into silage. it is obvious that no average value can be taken as representative of all the types of silage produced. In East Africa. the silage most frequently encountered is either made from maize or from grasses.Item Straightening the Pull on the Plough: How to Ease the Burden on the Back Oxen(1936) B.CNext time you go to the land, just give attention to the hind oxen in your Plough. When the whole span, except the hind oxen are inspanned, let two or four boys hold up the hind yoke to the height of the necks of the hind oxen, and then let the span pull. Now judge for yourself what weight bears on the necks of the poor hind oxen.Item Improvement in Native Bee-keeping in Uganda(1936) Chorley, T. W.Wild bees are present in all parts of Uganda, but are especially common in the Western and Northern Provinces. In most districts there are a few people who keep bees, but they do this solely to obtain honey for their own use, and they make little or no attempt to collect and sell beeswax.Item Overstocking in Kenya II.-Overstocking in Native Reserves and Disposal of Surplus Stock(1936)Considerably more than three,fourths of the total area of the Colony is practically purely pastoral, and it was estimated in 1933 that some 12,000,000 head of stock are carried, of which number approximately 6,000,000 are cattle.It is improbable that more than 30,000 head of cattle reach the Colony's markets in an ordinary year-a negligible number having regard to the vast potential sup'ply. Since there is but little "drain" inthat respect, it is reasonable to assume that saturation point has been reached with regard to grazing, and that the only limiting factor is mortality due to drought and disease. In addition, the enormous game population has to be considered, particularly in the Northern and Southern Game Reserves.Item Pigs for Bacon Production a Comparative Trial with Large White and Edelschwein Pigs(1936) French, M.H.; Emson, H.E.; Department Veterinary Science Animal Husbandry, Tanganyika TerritoryThe fact that the Germans prefer a much fatter carcass than is wanted by the British is reflected in the types kept by the farmers: British breeders prefer the Large White or its crosses and the Germans are breeding the Edelschwein and its crosses. Trials were made with purebred Large White and Edelschwein and their cross. There is no significant difference in fattening rates, but the carcasses differ very considerably in quality. The conformation of the two breeds is markedly different, while that of the crossbred pigs is intermediate. The great thickness of back fat and the thick streak in the Edelschwein would cause such pigs to be graded low in the British market. Secondary offals constitute a lower and sides a higher percentage of the total carcass weight. The Edelschwein starts converting its food into fat at an earlier age and has a lower rate of food utilization. In order to obtain the same proportional distribution of meat, bone, and fat as is attained by the Large White at 200 lb. live weight, the Edelschwein would have to be killed at 140 lb. The Edelschwein carcasses were too fat for bacon purposes even for the German taste, and it would have been better if the German settlers had introduced the Improved Landschwein instead of the Edelschwein. The Large White by appropriate nutrition can be fattened for the pork, bacon, and fat bacon markets, and it is evident that the adoption of one general utility breed would tend to standardise production and thereby benefit the industry as a whole.requires a standardized type of pig. The market for pig products therefore allows all the pigs of suitable age and confirmation to be converted into bacon. whilst all unsuits able pigs can be chopped into sausages.Item Feeds for Live Stock(1936) French M.HIt will pay farmers to feed their stock up to their productive capacity, but to underfeed or overfeed will prove un,economical.Item Overstocking in Tanganyika Territory(1936) Hornby, H.E.Except near the summits of a few volcanoes, every square mile of dry land in Tanganyika Territory is capable of supporting domestic animal life in some form and to some extent; it has, therefore. a stock carrying capacity: Most of the territory is so sparsely populated by domestic animals that the carrying capacity of these parts continues year after year to be almost unaffected by the grazing to which they are submitted. On the other hand, some of the most attractive parts of the country carry so many stock that as a direct result their carrying capacity is diminishing year by year. Such areas are overstocked. and from their consideration we can arrive at the following definition: -Item Pigs for Bacon Production(1936) Emson, H.; French, M.H.Pigs are becoming of increasing importance yearly because of the steady demand for pig products and the ability of the pig to thrive under very diverse conditions of climate and management. Experience has proved that pigs can be teared very successfully in East Africa,and particularly in the highland areas.Item Comparative Values of Some East African Foods for Bacon Production(1936) Harrison, E.; Findlay, A.J.; Waters, H.B.; Tothill, J.D.; Veterinary Department , Dar-es-SalaamDetailed figures of weight gains, food consumption, and carcase measurements are given for Edelschwein-cross pigs on a ration of home or locally grown foodstuffs, with-or without meat meal. Two rations, with maize as the basal part of each, and with meat meal and field peas as the respective sources of protein, were compared. The ration with meat meal proved more palatable and gave a more rapid weight increase, but showed a slightly smaller profit than the ration with field peas. The replacement of maize by wheat did not alter the rate of fattening or the quality of the carcase, but proved to be less profitable except when unsaleable wheat was used.-W. A. Biggar.Item Mixed Farming in East Africa III.-Starting a Dairy Herd in Kenya(1936) Lipscomb, J.P; Ball, R.S.; Kenya ColonyTHE necessity for the introduction of a mixed farming system with dairying has been discussed in previous articles [see Ball, p. 266; Maher, p. 271]. In starting a dairy herd in Kenya, the necessity for a slow and careful policy in the initial stages must be emphasised. For dirty areas the farmer should start with selected native cows and a purebred bull of a suitable dairy breed. The income derived will be low until the halfbred progeny come into milk 3 years after the herd has been started. After the grade herd has been established, the original native cows can be used for fostering calves. In cases where acreage is restricted it might be possible to form the nucleus of a herd more quickly by the purchase of old cows from a good herdItem Mixed Farming in East Africa(1936) Ball, R.SThe great increase in dairying in this country, more particularly in the arable districts, has called for a close study of its relation to both arable and grassland production.Item Live Hedges for Paddocking(1936)One of the factors which retard the progress of dairy farming in East Africa is the high cost of the tencing required for paddocks; it is variously estimated that fencing may cost anything from £ 10 to £40 a mileItem Report on a Small Experimental Shipment of Fat Lambs to London(1937) Daubney, R.; Eames, G.M.; Department of Veterinary Science and Animal Industry, Kenya.The view that a greater measure of diversification could with advantage be introduced into farming practice in Kenya is one which has been steadily gaining adherents during recent years. Mixed farming offers greater financial security whenever a sharp decline in the value of any of the basic agricultural products is liable to occur, and robs such losses of their crippling effect. Moreover, the introduction of stock to arable farms, which up to date have been operated on the one-crop system, cannot long be delayed if the fertility of the soil is to be saved. Hardly any small flocks of sheep are employed on mixed farms in Kenya, and the Report of the Meat and Live Stock Committee draws attention to this unusual state of affairs in para. 11, page 6:—" The Committee observes that up to the present little or no use has been made of small flocks of sheep in mixed-farming operations. Here also the reason is to be found in the incapacity of the local market to absorb even the present production of fat wethers from the woolled flocks, which naturally discourages any effort on the part of farmers to breed mutton sheep or lambs." It is suggested that for the mixed farmer in the more fertile areas the most profitable method of running a small flock of sheep is to keep them for fat-lamb production. Draft Merino or Romney Marsh ewes are available in considerable numbers from the large flocks, and for the farmer who wishes to embark on the new venture with as small an outlay as possible these draft or culled ewes under a suitable cross will provide lambs fit for freezingItem Preparation of Hides and Skins in Kenya for Export(1937) Ward, J.H.; Dillision of Animal IndustryIn this article, are described simple methods of flaying, fleshing, cleaning and air-drying hides and skins for sale and export to overseas markets. Hides and skins rank high in the list of animals products of Kenya, and, over several years, have averaged more than export 8 per cent of the total value of agricultural exports.Item Mutton Sheep in Kenya(1937) Ball, R.S; Department of Agriculture, Kenya ColonyThere are large areas in the country that are highly suited for the raising of sheep for the mutton and lamb trade. It is probable that any extension of the industry likely to occur will be predominantly in the arable districts, where use can be made either of reverted arable lands and improved grazing, or arable crops for finishing fat lambs and hoggets. The existing ranching areas will become devoted more exclusively to wool production.Item Breaking in Young Oxen to the Yoke(1937) West, J.B.; Dromoland, P / B Lonely MineThere is no doubt that many farmers and transport riders would like to know of an easy and humane method of breaking in young oxen to the yoke. This operation is generally left to the native driver, and most farmers are unaware of the excessive cruelty these natives cause while doing so.Item A Summary of the Meat and Live Stock Inquiry Committee Report, Kenya(1937) A Summary of the Meat and Live Stock Inquiry Committee Report, KenyaWhen one realizes that sisal ranks high (if not the highest after pineapples) in the plant world as a depleter of the soil, is not the trouble and the small expense involved in making the compost and then returning it to the land by means of the empty leaf trolleys. worthwhile? If this is done systematically we can eventually leave the land in not merely as good a condition of fertility as we found it but possibly better. Moreover, our repulsive rubbish dumps will be things of the past and our factory compounds attractive in' appearance and wholesome in smell.
