Livestock
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Item Acceptability of Whey-Fruit Juice Drink Mix Prepared With Cottage Cheese Whey(1992) Muyango, E. M.; Mathooko, F. M.The utilization for human food of previously wasted dairy by-products such as whey and buttermilk has been a subject of much research (Farah and Bachmann, 1981). This has been primarily due to a better understanding of the unique nutritional, biological and functional properties of such by-products Besides difficult economic conditions, antipollution regulations and strategies to ease the world food shortage (Holsinger et al., 1977; Kosikowsk~ 1979). Whey contains more than half the solids present in the original whole milk, Proteins, most of the lactose, minerals and water-soluble minerals. This attribute, coupled with the growth in food technology, has resulted in a marked difference in attitude towards whey, which is no longer being seen as a waste product but rather as a valuable raw material in the food industry (Marshall, 1982). the current approach has been to incorporate these desirable constituents into fruit-flavoured drinks especially as they might replace some of the products which contribute nothing more than flavour and carbohydrate calories (Jelen et al., 1987).Item Active Transport of Sodium by the Malpighian Tubules of the Tsetse Fly Glossina Morsitans(1976) Gee, J. D.Isolated Malpighian tubules of Glossina morsitans are able to transport sodium against its concentration gradient. Their rate of secretion is dependent on the sodium concentration of the bathing medium. Potassium must be present in the bathing solution for rapid secretion to be maintained, but it does not play an active role in fluid secretion. Lithium and ammonium ions are able to substitute partially for sodium, other monovalent cations cannot. Ouabain does not affect rapid secretion by Glossina tubules in vitro. Conclusions drawn from the results are incorporated into a model of Malpighian tubule cell function in this insect.Item Age-changes in the teeth of Zebu cattle(1953) Kikule, S. B.When life-history. records of herds of cattle are not being kept, It would be of some assistance to stock owners and others to be able to estimate the age of cattle from the development of their teeth. Such a method of estimation would be of great practical value for various reasons. Improvement of beef production by selective breeding would be possible if the farmer were able to select the early maturing type by observing the state of teeth development while the animal was growing.The sale for export of immature animals could be easily controlled as their ages could be gauged nearly enough for practical purposes by their teeth. Farmers wishing to purchase good foundation stock for breeding purposes would have a guide to the age.Item Agriculture in the Somaliland Protectorate(1943/1944) Peck, E. F.The Somali land Protectorate is potentially a rich grazing land, from which Somalis obtain their livelihood by raising sheep, camels and other stock; arable agriculture plays only a small part in its internal economy, but with the steady adoption of sorghum as the staple diet of the people farming is more general. There are not, however, many places in which farming can be carried on, but there still remains a number in which arable agriculture would be worth trying. That enterprising person, the so-called Mad Mullah, who caused considerable trouble and expense to us in past years, cultivated many places which are not worked to-day, but which could yield crops of grain. The urge to settle seems to be latent in Somalis and if they are given suitable conditions many of them would prefer the sedentary life of a farmer to the hard nomadic life which is now their lot. This nomadic life amongst depleted pastures continually necessitates the breaking up of families in order to tend the stock, the camels being sent to one grazing and the rest of the stock to other more suitable pastures. It is this arduous life and the search for grazing which is driving the Somalis southwards; they do not want to leave their country, and usually in their later years they return to it, but when there is not enough grazing the compulsion to push on southwards is irresistible. The present lot of the Somali, particularly that of the women, is extremely hard, their environment is grim and cruel, comfort and real happiness are not theirs, and those who decry the Somali would do well to remember his environment. To the south of Somali land lie many miles of rich grazing land which the Pax Britannica has made available to everyone. This land is sparsely watered and so is to a very great extent unused, but with a little imaginative foresight it is capable of arresting the southward drive. Should many large dams be constructed in this area and markets be provided for the excellent Somali mutton, the reason for the exodus from home would cease to exist, that is always provided that the grazing and water were properly controlled.Lastly, the problem of the migrating Somali affects, and will affect, in increasing degree, all the East African territories. One of the major solutions to the problem clearly lies in making Somali land a better place for the Somali to live in, by turning him into an arable farmer where this is possible, and where this cannot be done, by developing markets, water supplies, and a system of controlled grazing based on natural boundaries.Item The Amount of Milk Consumed By Suckling Calves from Birth to Weaning(1951) Kamya, F.; Bunge, V. A.The results of this trial show that the three calves consumed by suckling an average of 93 gallons of milk during the lactation. Further trials will have to be undertaken on the amount of milk consumed on average by a calf suckling its dam, but for the purpose of comparing milk production records between a cow hand milked and one milked with a calf at foot, it would appear that a balancing factor of around 90 gallons will be the figure that should be added to the recorded production of the cow suckling its calf. It is emphasized that the object of using this factor where a cow is milked with a calf at foot is purely to provide a basis for comparison of dam/daughter yields to be used in a manner similar to use of a correction factor for age.Item Animal Agricultural Research and Poverty Reduction(1966) Kariuki, D. P.This paper emphasizes on the need for agricultural and animal health research scientists to carry out their research activities bearing in mind the beneficiaries of their work are the resource-poor farmers. For the scientific results to be adopted by the farmers. This paper emphasizes on the need for agricultural and animal health research scientists to carry out their research activities bearing in mind the beneficiaries of their work are the resource-poor farmers. For the scientific results to be adopted by the farmers, the scientists must actively involve the farmers during formulation of their research agendas, the scientists must actively involve the farmers during formulation of their research agenda.Item Animal Diseases-Miscellaneous Diseases Caused by Bacteria:part II Johne's disease(1958) Department of Veterinary Services, KenyaJohne's disease is an insidious disease affecting cattle, sheep and goats: it is characterizeds by an extremely long incubation period and it causes scouring, wasting and eventually death in affected animals. It is as a disease of cattle that Johne's disease is of growing importance in Kenya. It has never been diagnosed here in sheep or goats, and if it exists in these animals it probably does so only on a minor scale. Sporadic cases of the bovine disease have been known in Kenya for many years, and it is now recognized that infection is widespread throughout the Colony and is the cause of much economic loss, particularly in certain high rainfall areas. Because of its insidious nature the disease may not become apparent for many months, sometimes even years, after infection gains entrance to a herd; by the time the first two or three clinical cases have appeared, a large proportion of the herd may be infected.Item Animal Husbandry Research and Wildlife in East Africa(1962) Ledger, H.P.; Animal Husbandry Research Unit: E.A.A.F.R.OIt is only in recent years that there has been an appreciation that the problems of wildlife and domestic animal husbandry are complementary and form an integral part of the overall problem of land use. To investigate the meat production potential of East African ruminants a standard form of body and carcase dissection analysis has been devised and is described in detail. It is hoped that a better knowledge of the physiological adaption to their environment of some of the wild species may help to indicate methods of improving animal husbandry in the dry tropics. The data obtained during the course of these investigations will also provide information as to the meat production potential of the individual species. The lines of thought engendered by these investigations are discussed.Item Animal Production and Health Division(1976) Takken, W.; Koeman, J. H.Tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), which are represented by many species in Africa South of the Sahara, are well known for their role as vectors of human and animal trypanosomiasis. Control of the disease can be achieved either by drug treatment of the host or by eliminating the vector. In relation to the latter, efforts are made in many African countries to exterminate tsetse-flies. At present large scale control operations are planned in 33 African countries under the auspices of UNDP/FAO and UNDP/WHO programmes. Various methods of tsetse control have been applied so far, including, among others, bush clearing, destruction of larger game and chemical control. Due to various factors, e.g. limited efficacy and serious environmental impact, both bush clearing and game animal destruction have gradually become obsolete in the course of the last decade. However, chemical control has become more and more important and at present insecticides are applied on a large scale in most tsetse control programmes. The present report deals mainly with the impact of chemical control and eradication. The report will provide the following information (1) The present state of knowledge on the range and nature of chemical costs and eradication in Africa, (2) The present state of knowledge on the environmental impact of the chemicals used and (3) Preliminary recommendations for monitoring and minimizing the environmental impact of tsetse control operations.Item Animal Production from Hyparrhenia Grassland Oversown With Stlyosanthes Gracilis.(1969) Stobbs, T. H.The value of over sowing natural grassland with Stylosanthes gracilis was investigated with and without top dressing of single super-phosphate. Over a period of 30 months animal production was significantly higher on the fertilized pastures, averaging 423 lb live-weight gain per acre (474 kg/ha) per annum compared with 249 lb live-weight gain per acre (279 kg/ha) per annum from the unfertilized pastures. Single super-phosphate increased herbage yields mainly by encouraging more vigorous growth of Stylo plants, which suppressed the Imperata cylindrica content of the sward and increased the proportion of other valuable grasses. The quality of herbage on fertilized plots was significantly higher. The practical application of these findings is discussed.Item Animal welfare during slaughter and causes of organ condemnation in livestock slaughtered in Eastern Kenya(veterinary Record, 2014) Ndirangu, P.N.; Ithinji, D.G.; Muturi, J.M.; Ireri, R.G.; Kabugi, J.W.; Nginyi, J.M.In order of determine the status of animal welfare during slaughter and to identify major causes of condemnation of edible organs in slaughtered cattle, sheep, goats and camels a croos-sectional slaughterhouse survey was conducted in Eastern region of Kenya, where a total of 11 slaughterestablishments were visited.Item Annual Report of the Kenya Soil Survey 1981(Ministry Of Agriculture, 1981) Ministry Of AgricultureDuring the year 37,500 hectares were surveyed in Nyanza Sugar belt, Rurii Irrigation Scheme (Murang'a District) , National Youth Service Farm, Yatta (Machakos District) and Nandi Escarpment area "at semi-detailed soil SJrvey level. At detailed level, about 990 hectares were covered in Sandai Irrigation Scheme (Baringo District), National Horticultural Research Station, Thika, ICRAF Research Station (Machakos District), Moi Forces Academy (Nairobi) and Barwesa Irrigation Schem~ (Baringo District). Site evaluation surveys covering a total of 127,000 hectares were completed in the Trans Mara Division (Narok District), Bottomlands in Meru District,Ngoru Farm (Kiambu District) , Kandi' s Dam area (Kajiado District, Njukini area (Taveta District and Meru College of Technology (Meru District). Reconnaissance soil maps of the Mtito Andei and Voi areas were printed. Report writing for the reconnaissance soil survey of the Makueni area, the Amboseli-Kibwezi area and the Busia area continued during the year. Fair drawing of the exploratory soil map of Kenya and the Agroclimatic zone map of Kenya continued in Holland. '!be final draft of the soil map of Kenya (scale1:3,000,000) was compiled for the new edition of the National Atlas of Kenya. Thirteen soil survey reports, one miscellaneous soil paper, one internal communication and four conference papers were published.Item Annual Report Of The Senior Soil Chemist(1964) Makin, M. J.The field work of the survey by a consortium of a Canadian engineering firm and a Dutch land use investigation organization in association with the Kenya Agriculture and Water Development Departments, of the possibilities of irrigation in a three-million-acre tract of country in the Lower Tana River Basin was largely completed in 1964. The soil surveyor which Kenya contributed to the team undertaking the soils aspect of the survey was immediately responsible for vegetation studies and the investigation of soil/natural vegetation relations as an aid to soil mapping. The semi-detailed soil survey indicated that the soils of about 75 per cent of the area are saline and alkaline, 10 per cent are alkaline but not saline, 5 per cent are saline but not alkaline and 10 per cent have no salinity or alkalinity problems.Item Anthracnose Attack, Seed and Dry Matter(1983) Karachi, M. K.In two experiments conducted at Alupe, four Stylosanthes guyanensis cultivars (Endeavour, cook, Ex. Kitale and Schofield)were evaluated. Anthracnose attack intensified with maturity with cv. Endeavour showing most tolerance. Seed production was more indeterminate by cultivars Endeavour and Ex.Kitale from which most seed was obtained. The highest seed yields were 122.10 kg/ha, 106.17 kg/ha, 91.35 kg/ha and 103.71 kg/ha from cultivars Endeavour, Cook, Ex. Kitale and Schofield, respectively, after 8 months from sowing. The mean dry matter production was between 1,800 kg/ha and 4,400 kg/ha. Leaf dry matter was variable with the cultivars most attacked by anthracnose yielding less leaf in later stages of growth.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein by Non-Ruminants and Ruminants(1958) Glover, J.; Duthie, D.W.; East African Agriculture and Fore8try Re8earch Organization, Muguga, KenyaThe apparent digestibility of crude protein by the non-ruminants, pigs, horses, rats, man and the rabbit, is shown to be related to the crude protein content of the feed, and the form of the relationship is similar to that for ruminants. With non-ruminants the apparent digestibility of crude protein is markedly depressed by the crude fibre content of the feed, whereas with ruminants the depression is only slight. The relevant equations show that pigs are much more sensitive to crude fibre than horses and rabbits, and both the latter react more markedly to crude fibre than do the ruminants. Despite the apparently significant differences between the equations for the ruminant and nonruminant herbivores, it is shown that over the normal range of crude protein and crude fibre content in feeding stuffs suitable for herbivores, the apparent digestibility coefficient of crude protein is similar for all. In other words, despite different abilities to cope with crude fibre, the herbivores as a class digest crude protein in normal feeds to much the same extent. On the other hand, the pig, an omnivore, is shown to be very markedly affected by the crude fibre content of such feeds.Item The Apparent Digestibility of Crude Protein by the Ruminant: II. the General Equation and Some of its Implications(1957) Glover J.; French, M. H.; Duthie D. W.The general equation, y= 70 log x− 15, connecting y, the digestibility coefficient, to x, the percentage of crude protein in the dry matter of the feed of ruminants, which was proposed in an earlier paper, has been shown to fit all the directly determined world data for cattle, sheep and goats which have been published by Schneider (1947). It is applicable to rations composed of both single and mixed feeds for it is the total percentage of crude protein in the ration which determines its digestibility. The equation is of general application, irrespective …Item The Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients and Energy Values of Some Oilseed Meals and Three Commonly Used Cereal Grains Fed to Pigs(1975) Oyenuga, V.A.; Fetuga, B.L.; Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaThe need to balance the content of major nutrients in diets relative to their energy con-centration requires a knowledge of the available energy in the feed ingredients used. Unfortunately, there is a complete lack of published information on the energy values of most feeds available in many areas of the tropics. Most feed formulators have frequently used values reported elsewhere, particularly those published by the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (NAS/NRC), 1969. Some of these values have been mathematically derived from TDN, while in many cases the list may be incomplete with regards to certain feeds available exclusively in many areas of the tropics. The present studies were conducted to determine the digestibility of nutrients, digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and metabolizable energy adjusted to nitrogen equilibrium (ME) for eight locally available oilseed meals and three commonly used cereal grains in Nigeria.Item The Apparent Digestibility of the Non-nitrogenous Components of Ruminant Feeds(1960) Glover, J.; Dougall, H. W.The digestibility of the non-protein constituents (almost entirely carbohydrate) of ruminant fodders is shown to be a function of the level of the crude fibre and crude-protein components. The effect of increasing crude fibre in the diet is to depress the digestibility of carbohydrate, irrespective of the level of crude protein associated with it. The effect of crude protein on the digestibility of carbohydrate is only well marked when its concentration in the dry feed lies below some 5 %, that is when the feed is below approximate maintenance levels. Increasing the crude-protein content of the diet from some 2 to about 5 % leads to increased digestibility of carbohydrate, but thereafter in the range of some 6-30 % crude protein the protein effect is very slightly depressing to carbohydrate digestibility and is apparently quite negligible at average crude fibre concentrations to be expected at any given level of crude protein. The implications of the various aspects of this paper are that the variability in digestibility of the non-nitrogenous component of ruminant feeds depends mainly on the respective levels of crude protein and crude fibre in the diet and to a very much lesser extent, if at all, on the species of ruminant or class of feed, be it silage, roughage or even mixture.Item The Apparent Digestibility of the Non-nitrogenous Fraction of Pig Feeds(1962) Dougall, H.W.; Glover, J.; East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization: Kenya, Grassland Research StationA simple method for the estimation of the digestible non-nitrogenous fraction of normal pig feeds is described. It requires only knowledge of the digestibility coefficient of the crude protein contained in the dry matter of the feed. More accurate estimates can be obtained by applying to this method a simple correction involving only the crude protein content of the dried feed. Attention is drawn to the intimacy of the relationship between the digestibility of the non-nitrogenous and nitrogenous components of the diet.Item Application of nitrogen and irrigation to pasture to enhance cattle production during the dry seasons in Uganda(1973) Olsen, F. J.; Tiharuhondi, E. R.; Musangi, R. S.; Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaIn both irrigated and non-irrigated pastures the application of nitrogen substantially increased the dry matter yields of the herbage. N increased the crude protein, and moderately decreased the crude fibre composition of the herbage. Grassland irrigation without N fertilization progressively reduced herbage dry matter production and consequently resulted in the lowest animal live-weight gain. A combination of high levels of N with irrigation produced sufficient quantities of herbage for cattle throughout the year. As a result, N fertilized and irrigated swards produced significantly more total live-weight gain than their respective non-irrigated swards. However, for beef production, the better utilization of, and higher output from such improved pastures would only be obtained from high yielding breeds of cattle such as Aberdeen Angus or Hereford instead of Nganda X Jersey crosses which were used in this experiment. In the wetter areas of Uganda, much higher financial returns are obtained from milk than beef.
