Industrial Crops
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Item 86RBCI as a Tracer for Root Studies in Kikuyu Red Loam(1970) Kabaara, A. M.; Huxley, P. A.A field study on the mobility of *Rb in an undisturbed profile of Kikuyu red loam soil is reported. Five ml. of a solution containing 240 Ci "Rb and 0.75 mg. of carrier K was placed at 15 cm, or 45 cm. depth and subjected to leaching with 90 mm. or 180 mm. water or nitrate solution over a seven hour period. Subsequent sampling and analysis of the soil showed that in general the isotope did not move farther than 3-6 cm. from the point of application. Suggestions are made to explain the few cases where high activity was detected at distances greater than this. It is concluded that *Rb is a suitable “tracer” for root studies in this soil.Item Acacia Spp. as Shade Trees for Coffee(1953) Robertson, J. K.; Department of Agriculture, Tanganyika TerritoryIn the Northern Province of Tanganyika it is generally held the Arabica coffee, particularly at the medium and lower elevations, does better and gives consistently higher yields when grown under light shade. There is less danger of over-bearing with consequent die-back, the incidence of insects pests such as Thrips and White Stem-borer (Anthores leuconotus) is usually less and weeding costs are generally far lower in shaded coffee especially if weeds such as Couch (Digitatia scalarum) or water-Grass (Cyperus rotundus) are present in the area.Item Aerial Spray Trial on Kenaf Insect Pests at Kahe, Tanzania(1974) Francis, J.Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L. (Malvaceae))is grown commercially at Kahe, 23 kilometres south-east of Moshi, Tanzania. The plant was introduced in 1968 by the East African Kenaf Industries Ltd., a subsidiary company of National Development Corporation (N.D.C.)of Tanzania. The estate consists of about 4,050 hectares of which 505 and 3,467 hectares are estimated to be under cultivation for Kenaf seed and fibre respectively in 1973. It is also estimated that the production of seed and fibre by 1973 will be 100.5 and 2,861.2 metrictons respectively. Other crops grown on the estate are maize, paddy, beans and pasture and it is estimated that 277 cattle and 334 other animals will be raised there in 1973.Item Agave Fibres. I. Morphology, Histology, Length and fineness; Grading Problems(1936) Nutman, F.J.; East African Agricultural Research Station, Amani, Tanganyika TerritoryThe paper is in the nature of a progress report on the work done on agaves as fibre producing plants at Amani during the last few years. Agave fibres are of 3 fairly well-defined types: - Mechanical, most strongly developed round the periphery of the leaf; these fibres are of great importance commercially; owing to their shape they seldom divide during manufacture and on their fineness depends the fineness of the sample. Ribbon fibres occur always in association with the conducting tissues though they are present in various sizes in all parts of the leaf except the extreme periphery; they form the longest fibres in the leaf and are important in that they split longitudinally, unlike the mechanical fibres, and therefore their original size does not influence fineness. Xylem fibres are of no commercial importance, being broken up and lost during decortication. Short leaves, whether caused by early cutting or environment, do not produce a markedly finer fibre than long leaves. Fineness of fibre is varietal, in which respect A. amaniensis and A. cantala are much superior to A. sisalana. A. amaniensis possesses a larger amount of short fibres than A. sisalana, but this is offset by the greater length of its leaves. The proportion of mechanical to ribbon fibre in A. amaniensis is twice as great as in A. sisalana. This fact is of technical importance, giving the fibres a different intrinsic make-up and probably affecting spinning behaviour. Methods of mechanical grading to replace the present grading by eye are thoroughly discussed and the defects of the present system pointed out. Nevertheless, expensive grading schemes cannot be put into operation until the consumer gives some indication of the type of fibre required, and so far, this has not been forthcoming.Item Agricultural Research in the Sudan Gezira(1956) Maxwell, D.R.C.; Sudan Gezira Board, Wad MedaniIn recent years the high quality of the long staple cotton grown in the Sudan Gezira has gained world-wide recognition. As the following survey shows, much of the credit for the success of the Gezira Scheme is due to extensive experiment and research devoted to controlling pests and improving the breeds of plants.Item American "Know-How" and Kenya-Uganda Farming(1950) Duckham, A.NThe object of my very brief visit to East Africa in 1948 was to compare Kenya and Uganda with the South-eastern United States and try and make up my mind which kinds of "know-how" could usefully be exported from the United States to East Africa and, equally important, which kinds should be avoided.Item The American Cotton Growing Industry: Some Impressions-II(1940) Hosking, H.R.In 1936 the State of Texas produced 2,961,000 bales, which was nearly 28 per cent of the total crop of the United States. All this cotton is rain grown. In the extreme west the total annual precipitation is 15 inches, increasing to 45 inches in the east. Generally speaking, the greater part of the cotton is grown to the east of the 30-inch line. The northern half of the State experiences up to 10 inches of snow each winter; in the southern half, snow in the winter is less than •one inch. (These figures refer to unmelted snow.) In 1938 the estimated yield per. acre for Texas was 170 lb. of lint, giving an estimated total crop of nearly three and a half million bales.Item The American Cotton-Growing Industry: Some Impressions-I(1940/1941) Hosking, H.R.The writer of this article was fortunate in being able to travel from California to the Atlantic Coast of the United States of America during the latter part of the summer of 1938.During this journey, which was made entirely by road, the cotton-growing areas in the States of California, Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina were traversed. In this manner a sectional view of the cotton growing Industry in the United States was obtained. Owing to limited time, which was further curtailed by the September crisis, it was not possible to study this industry as Thoroughly as one would have wished. However, a certain amount of valuable information was obtained, and it is the intention of this article to place some of the impressions gained and the facts collected on record in readable form.Item The Analysis of Genotype-Environment-Interaction and Its Use in Breeding Materials of Arabica Coffee(Coffee Board of Kenya, 1999) Wamatu, J.N.; Coffee Board of KenyaCoffee is an evergreen shrub or small tree, normally 3 to 5 m high which botanically belongs to the family Rubiaceae (genus Coffea). The name Coffee comes from the Arabian name for the drink, itself derived from Caffa, a district of southern Ethiopia. Coffee is used as the roasted product of the dried seeds "beans" (endosperm of seeds) which when ground and brewed gives a stimulating beverage containing Caffeine. It is thought that the roasting process that gives the characteristic aroma was discovered in Arabia in the 15th century. In its native Ethiopia, it is used as a masticatory since ancient times and is also cooked in butter to make rich flat cakes. In Arabia a fermented drink from the pulp is consumed. Coffee is widely used as a flavoring, as in ice cream, pastries, candies, and liqueurs. Source of caffeine, dried ripe seeds are used as a stimulant, nerving, and diuretic, acting on central nervous system, kidneys, heart, and muscles. In Indonesia and Malaysia an infusion is prepared from dried leaves. Coffee pulp and parchment used as manures and mulches, and is occasionally fed to cattle in India. Coffelite, a type of plastic is also made from coffee beans. Wood is hard, dense, durable, takes a good polish, and is suitable for tables, chairs, and turnery. Coffee with iodine is used as a deodorant (List and Horharnmer, 1969-1979). Caffeine has been described as a natural herbicide, selectively inhibiting germination of seeds of Amaranthus spinosus (Rizvi et ai, 1980). Caffeine is a widespread additive in over-the-counter diet pills, pain killers, and stimulants (Duke, 1984b). Coffee has been reported to be analgesic, anaphrodisiac, anorexic, antidotal, cardiotonic, CNS-stimulant, counterirritant, diuretic, hypnotic, lactagogue, nervine, stimulant, coffee is a folk remedy for asthma, atropine-poisoning, fever, flu, headache, jaundice, malaria, migraine, narcosis, nephrosis, opium-poisoning, sores, and vertigo (Duke and Wain, 1981; List and Horharnmer, 1969-1979).Item Analysis Of Socio-Economic Factors Affecting The Yields Of Smallholder Coffee Farmers In Kirinyaga County, Kenya.(Ministry of Agriculture, 2010) Maina. J.M.; Ministry of AgricultureCoffee is one of the key agricultural export commodities in the Kenyan economy. Prior to 1998, coffee was Kenya's top foreign exchange earner and currently ranks fourth after tea, tourism and horticultural sub-sectors. Despite coffee prices displaying a stable trend increase since 2002, yields in Kirinyaga County have remained low. This has negatively impacted on the farmers earnings from the coffee enterprise thus affecting their economic wellbeing due to the loss of income. This study aimed at determining the socio-economic factors influencing yields as well as assessing the influence of coffee prices on re-investment and yields within the small holder sector of Kirinyaga County. A total of 251 farmers were selected from the study area using the stratified random technique and a semi- structured questionnaire used to collect the data. The selection of farmers was done by first dividing the entire population into several sub-populations referred to as stratums. The three agroecological zones that are suitable for coffee growing in Kirinyaga County represented the stratums. Due to logistical limitations, three co-operative societies cutting across the three zones were randomly selected and fourteen wet mills representing the various AEZs further selected to represent each stratum. Finally, farm households were randomly selected from each of the selected factories using the random number tables. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, regression (log - linear model) and correlation analysis using Stata (versionll). The results indicated that the mean age of the respondents was 52.95 years. This suggests that the small holder coffee farming community is skewed towards the aging which could negatively affect productivity in the farms. Out of the 76.52% of the fanners who needed credit, only 36.8% had access to adequate credit. This lack of adequate credit limits productivity. The study revealed that only 35.4% of fanners were aware of the Coffee Development Fund despite the existence of institution since 2006. The multiple regression analysis showed an R2 of 0.5217 for all variables investigated which means that 52.17% of the variation in yields can be explained by these variables. The explanatory variables which were statistically significant were access to adequate credit, having some source of cash from other enterprises or employment and consulting extension agents. It was also found that there was a strong positive relationship between price and the level ofre-investment (Pearson's r =0.814). This indicates that higher prices encourage reinvestment in coffee. However, the correlation analysis between price and yields showed a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.154 which was statistically insignificant. This implies that although price influenced yields positively, it did not necessarily lead to significantly higher yields. Higher prices need to be supported by the three significant variables in order to increase yields significantly. Agricultural policy effort on small holder coffee fanning should thus focus on ensuring fanners get access to adequate credit, diversification of farm income base, and training.Item Applying Insecticide to Control Soil Pests in Irrigated Sugar-Cane(1967) Leather, T H; Bumett, G FItem Arabica Coffee and the Plant Breeder(January, 1937) Maher, C.; Department of Agriculture, Kenya ColonyIts well known that most tropical crops had not had attention devoted to them in the matter that of selection and breeding that has been given towards raising fruits, such as apples, beaches and other crops, to the stage of excellence, attained temperature zones. Many of the chief crops crops of the tropics are plantation crops - coffee, cocoa, rubber, sisal, coco-nut and others which often take several years to come in to bearing and still longer before individual tree or plant records may be procured that are sufficiently reliable to serve as basis of breathing operations.Item Arthropods Associated with Stored Groundnuts in Nyasaland(1956) Salmond, K.F.; Department of Agriculture, NyasalandGroundnut production is on the increase in Nyasaland. African cultivators use the kernels for food and as a cash crop. When ripe the groundnuts are harvested, sundried, and stored in the villages. They are stored in their pods in an undecorticated condition inside mudded bamboo storage containers which vary in shape and capacity. These storage containers stand on raised platforms about 12 to 14 in. above ground level. A vent, which is usually kept plugged with mud, exists near the base of the storage containers so that the groundnuts may be withdrawn by hand. In the villages the groundnut storage containers are usually placed beside those containing maize on the cob. The storage season commences during late March and early, April, and continues through at least one year. During February and March of the current year, the author undertook an entomological survey of the groundnut storage containers in 50 different villages located in five separate production areas within the Central Province of the Protectorate. Old crop (1954) groundnuts only were examined, which had been stored for nearly a year under typical African storage conditions. The survey procedure adopted was first to obtain sanction from the village headman to examine a specific quantity of groundnuts from each container. For convenience, the measure employed was a local basket commonly used in the villages for sieving or holding maize. This basket held roughly from 5 to 7 lb. of groundnuts. Each sample was spread out on the ground, or on a mat if available, and examined for the presence of insects and mites. From each sample eight handfuls were set aside for groundnut damage counts. All damaged pods were put into Kilner jars and taken back to the laboratory for dissection.Item Assessment of Profitability in Sugarcane Production Using Cost Benefit Analysis and Net Present Value Techniques in Kenya(2013) Wawire, N.W.O; Ouma, V.O; Kenya Sugar Research FoundationData on input levels, costs and output have been limited hence no accurate information on profitability of sugarcane farming in Kenya. This study sought to determine input levels, costs and profitability of sugarcane farming in Kenya using a model farm-Kibos and farmers practice in Nyando zone. The study was carried out at the Kenya Sugar Research Foundation (KESREF) farm Kibos from 2004-2009. Two varieties (N14 and Ken 82-216) were planted on a one hectare plot and managed through research recommendations. Input and output data (input levels, costs, output and prices on three harvests (plant crop and two ratoons) were recorded on pre-designed datasheet. Comparative data on the Nyando zone (farmers practice) was sourced from the KESREF sugarcane database. Economic techniques were used in and the performance of economic analysis: the Cost benefit analysis (CBA) or the benefit cost ratios (B/C) and net present value (NPV) in the determination of profitability of sugarcane farming.Item Assessment of Profitability in Sugarcane Production using Cost Benefit Analysis and Net Present Value Techniques in Kenya(2013) Wawire, N.W.O.; Ouma, V.O.; Kenya Sugar Research Foundation, P.O Box 44-40100 Kisumu-KenyaData on input levels, costs and output have been limited hence no accurate information on profitability of sugarcane farming in Kenya. This study sought to determine input levels, costs and profitability of sugarcane farming in Kenya using a model farm-Kibos and farmers practice in Nyando zone. The study was carried out at the Kenya Sugar Research Foundation (KESREF) farm Kibos from 2004-2009. Two varieties (N14 and Ken 82-216) were planted on a one-hectare plot and managed through research recommendations. Input and output data (input levels, costs, output and prices on three harvests (plant crop and two ratoons) were recorded on pre-designed datasheet. Comparative data on the Nyando zone (farmers practice) was sourced from the KESREF sugarcane database. Economic techniques were used in and the performance of economic analysis: the Cost benefit analysis (CBA) or the benefit cost ratios (B/C) and net present value (NPV) in the determination of profitability of sugarcane farming. The findings showed that the overall crop cycle realized 284 tons ons in the model farm which was better than Nyando at 210 tons, giving 35% difference. The CBA showed that the cumulative cane production cost and net benefit added up to KES 329,089 and KES 294,311 respectively, while for the model farm the Nyando Zone had an overall cost of cane production of KES 242,362 and a net return of KES 167,138. When net benefits for the two sites were compared there was a difference of KES 127,173 (76%). The B/C ratios were greater than one in both cases: 1.89 in Model farm and 1.69 in Nyando, an indication of better performance of the model farm. The NPV results for the model farm on the entire crop cycle showed that the returns were KES 173,648 after a five-year period. discounting as compared to the initial value of KES 294,311 and KES 132, 998 after discounting from KES 167,138 in Nyando. The CBA and NPV techniques are equally important in analyzing profitability and should be used in complementarities as NPV incorporates the CBA. In order for the farmers to exploit the existing potential and maximize on their profits there is need for proper knowledge of optimal utilization ef resources, suitable choice of variety and adoption of cost reduction techniques (e.g. self cane development/financing) to lower cost/interests/fees on farm inputs. There is need for farmers to diversify their enterprises by including short term crops (e.g. beans) for quick proceeds while waiting for cane income which starts coming in two years.Item Association Analysis for Yield Components InUpland Cotton (Gossypium Hirsutum L.)*(1986) Tyagi, A.P.Yield in cotton, like in all other crops, is a complex trait. It is mainly dependent on its component characters like boll number, boll weight, and seed index. It is, therefore, important to know the type and magnitude of association among yield and its components to breed a Better-yielding variety. A large majority of interrelationship studies have been conducted on varieties (Singh et al. 1968) and only a few on segregating progenies from crosses. In the present investigation two populations, an intermated one and the other plain F3 were used to assess the degree of association in upland cotton. It will provide an indication fbr future use ofintermating in a segregating population by comparing their degrees of association. An increase in positive correlation on intermating could be exploited for breeding better performing varieties.Item Automated Methods for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Determination in Coffee Plant and Mulching Materials(1972) Kimeu, B.S.; Aduayi, E.A.In order to cope more accurately and rapidly with the chemical analyses of the massive influx of samples, as a result of the introduction of a leaf analysis service for coffee growers by the Coffee Research Station in 1971, the application of automated chemical analyses was employed. Automated methods adapted for the determination of nitrogen and phosphorus on the Technicon Autoanalyser and potassium on the Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer using the same digest solution are described and the results are compared to manual determinations. A better agreement between replicated automated determinations was established for each element analysed than in the non-automated determinations.Item A Bark Disease of Coffee in East Africa(1932) Storey, H.H.; East African Agricultural Research Station, AmaniA disease of the bark of young leader shoots of arabica coffee occurs in the Usambara Mountains of Tanganyika Territory. The disease may be important when “stumping” is practised in the regeneration of old plantations. A brown sunken lesion, formed of dead extra-cambial tissues, usually gradually extends and rings the shoots; after a period varying from a few days to several months after complete ringing the foliage above wilts and dies. A leaf spot is also due to the same cause. The fungus, Fusarium lateritium Nees var. longum Wr., among several isolated from lesions, has been shown to be capable of reproducing the disease by pure culture inoculation. A proportion of the experimental inoculations resulted in the ringing and death of the shoots; many of the lesions, however, after a time ceased to advance and became callused at the margin. Similar recoveries from the disease were observed in the field. Field observations and experiments demonstrated that a common mode of entry of the fungus into the stem tissues was through freshly exposed leaf scars, and occasionally from a leaf-spot down the petiole of a leaf. Many shoots also in the field became diseased as the result of the fungus passing to them through the tissues of a stump from the base of a dead shoot. Coffea arabica alone, of a number of coffee species tested, was susceptible to any extent to this disease. Excision of the affected bark of a stump was effective in checking the spread of the fungus through the stump. The operation, however, is not considered to offer a practicable means of control in the plantation.Item The Bark Diseases of Coffee(1956) Wallace, G. B.Item Barley Genetics and Breeding(1973) Harlan, J.R.; University of IllinoisBarley is a diploid with only seven pairs of chromosomes, gene expression is often clear cut, and Mendelian inheritance the rule Allard's laboratory at Davis, California, has been active in studying populations via isozyme polymorphisms and other laboratories have studied protein polymorphisms, Fitness, linkage selection, and computer studies are proliferating in an attempt to understand the population dynamics of this highly self-fertilizing species.
