Poultry and Non-ruminants
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Item Evaluating the Growth and Cost–Benefit Analysis of Feeding Improved Indigenous Chicken with Diets Containing Black Soldier Fly Larva Meal(Frontiers, 2024-09-05) Waithaka, M.K.; Osuga, I.M.; Kabuage, L.W.; Subramanian, S.; Muriithi, B.; Wachira, A.M.; Tanga, C.M.; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) ; Kenyatta University ; Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO)The high cost of feed has been the major hindrance to a hindrance to the growth, sustainability, profitability, and expansion of poultry production. Black soldier fly larva (BSFL) meal is one of the most promising alternative protein sources widely accepted globally. This study evaluated the growth performance of improved indigenous chicken (IIC)-fed diets containing different inclusion levels of BSFL meals. The BSFL meal inclusion rates included 0% (Diet0), 5% (Diet1), 10% (Diet2), 15% (Diet3), and 20% (Diet4) as replacement to the expensive fish meal in chick and grower diets. Our results showed that diet significantly affected the average daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and average daily weight gain of the chicks. The average daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio, except average daily feed intake of the growers, was not significantly affected by diets. The gross profit margin, cost–benefit ratio, and return on investment of feeding birds with BSFL meal varied significantly. The highest cost–benefit ratio of 2.12 was recorded for birds fed on Diet4. Our findings demonstrate that insect-based feeds can successfully and cost-effectively replace fish meal up to 20% without compromising the growth performance of the birds. Therefore, BSFL meal could be incorporated as an essential part of poultry feed production for IIC, potentially reducing the total feed cost while maintaining optimal production and reducing the cost of meat and egg products.Item Strategies for Transforming the Poultry Industry in Kenya Through Participatory Modelling(Science Publishing Group, 2023-06-09) Wachira, A.M.; Muriuki, W.; Nyingi, D.W.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; Centers for Research and Data Technologies (CRDT) ; Veterinary and Animal Production SolutionsSustainable development of the poultry industry in Kenya can significantly contribute to economic growth while also improving the livelihoods of millions of people who keep poultry for a living. To achieve this impact, strategies that will advance the industry across all value chain segments are required. In this study, we developed strategies to transform the Kenyan poultry industry through a system dynamic modelling, participatory approach that included Focus Discussion Groups (FDGs) and Key Informant Interviews (KII), with the findings validated through a workshop. These findings are depicted in causal loop diagrams to show how the proposed poultry industry's elements interact in a systematic manner. Using this methodology, it was observed that strengthening socioeconomic factors such as legal framework in associations and cooperatives can significantly improve the industry. The legal framework can provide a clear and stable environment for the operation of these organizations, helping to ensure that they function efficiently and effectively. This, in turn, can improve the competitiveness and sustainability of the poultry industry, as well as support the growth and development of the wider economy. Having a strong legal framework can help to ensure that the rights and interests of producers and other stakeholders are protected, which can increase trust and confidence in the industry. This can lead to greater investment and collaboration and can support the development of new and innovative solutions to the challenges facing poultry value chain actors. Additionally, modern technologies, innovations, and management practices can play a crucial role in improving efficiency along the value chain. These innovations can help to increase productivity, reduce costs, improve the quality and safety of poultry products, and meet the changing needs and preferences of consumersItem Diversifying Energy and Protein Sources for Poultry Feeds in Kenya(Science Publishing Group, 2023-09-27) Wachira, A.; Mwangi, M.; Nyingi, D.; Minyatta, E.; Muriuki, W.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Non Ruminant Research Institute, Kakamega, Kenya. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Non Ruminant Research Institute, Kakamega, Kenya. Veterinary and Animal Production Solutions, (VETANP), Nairobi, Kenya. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Non Ruminant Research Institute, Kakamega, Kenya. Centers for Research and Data Technologies (CRDT), Nairobi, KenyaThis study explores the utilization of alternative and locally available energy and protein sources in laying chicken feed formulations, aiming to reduce costs, enhance availability, and promote climate-smart approaches. The experiment included five dietary groups, each with specific energy and protein sources. Significant results emerged: average live weights displayed statistical significance (p < 0.0001), with hens on diet A3 containing fish meal (omena) exhibiting a moderate weight increase. Weekly egg collection demonstrated significance (p < 0.0002), with diet A3 yielding the highest collection, while A5 (positive control) produced the lowest. These trends mirrored the percentage lay, emphasizing diet's role in egg production. The incorporation of fish meal in diet A3 stood out, influencing growth rates and egg production due to its nutrient density and balanced amino acids. The impact of diets on egg weights was significant (p<0.0001), and feed consumption varied (p<0.0001), influenced by factors such as palatability and nutritional balance. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) analysis highlighted diet differences in feed efficiency. Overall, the study highlights the intricate interplay between dietary compositions, poultry performance, and production metrics, emphasizing the importance of well-balanced, diverse, and climate-smart feed formulations in achieving sustainable and efficient chicken production.Item Carcass Characteristics of Indigenous Chicken Fed on Diets Containing German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) Meal in Kenya(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2023-09-11) Ngaira, V.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Mosi, R.O.; Wambui, C.C.; Alaru, P.A.O.; Ochieng, V.O.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; Maseno UniversityEdible insects are available for use in insect-based-feed, however there is limited information on carcass characteristics and sensory tests of chicken fed on German cockroaches (Blattela germanica). This study assessed the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with varying levels of processed B. germanica meal (BGM). Seventy-two grower chicken of eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females, were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four treatments were replicated three times and fed ad lib on different diets for period of fifty-six days. The treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised of-diet TA (3.5% FM, 0.5% PBGM), TB (2.5% FM, 1.5% PBGM), TC (2% FM, 2% PBGM), and TD (4% FM, 0% FM). Four birds per treatment were sacrificed on day 112. The birds were slaughtered, dressed, and dissected into prime cuts (thighs, drumstick, breast, wings) that were weighed and expressed as a percentage of live birds. Samples of breast were cooked and served to a panellist for an organoleptic test. Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance for a CRD where samples were treatments while panellists were replicates in SPSS. Weights of plucked bird, dressed bird, thighs, drumstick, and wings of chicken fed on TA, TB, and TC was not significantly different from those feds on the control diet (TD). Similarly, the average percentage of the dressed carcass (65%) and other prime cuts was not different from the control. The flavour, smell, taste, colour, and overall acceptability of breast samples were not significantly different, with a mean score of 4.0 rated as good. The study revealed that replacing up to 50% of fishmeal with BGM does not affect meat quality, meat sensory attributes, and consumers’ acceptability thus actors in the chicken value chain should embrace use of German cockroaches as a protein feedstuff.Item Challenges and Opportunities in Improved Indigenous Chicken Production in Kenya(East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 2024-06) Wambua, S.; Macharia, I.; Mwenjeri, G.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ; Kenyatta UniversityThe poultry sub-sector is vital in improving livelihoods for vulnerable members of the society in rural areas in Kenya. It is a source of cheap animal protein and income especially for youth and women. It is one of the enterprises which require low capital and land to establish. This study looked at the challenges and opportunities in production of improved indigenous chicken which perform better than the local indigenous ones due to early maturity early laying more eggs. Results indicate that chicken were mainly reared and managed by women (84%). The average age of the farmers was 51 years who had attained upper primary education level. A majority (59%) of the respondents indicated that they belonged to different group categories which aided them to access training, credit, production and marketing information, markets and inputs. The costs of feeds were cited by majority of farmers as the most pressing constraint in chicken production with some indicating that they had either scaled down or completely abandoned the enterprise especially in the last one year. Some opportunities identified in this value chain were incubation, vaccination and feed formulation services. Policy makers need to address the issue of production including feed ingredients like maize, soya bean and fish meal.Item Entomophagus Response of Indigenous Chicken to Diets Enriched with German Cockroach (Blattela germanica) Meal in Kenya(East African Journal of Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2023-05-16) Ngaira, V.M.; Wambui, C.C.; Mosi, R.O.; Wayua, F.O.; Wachira, A.M.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation – Naivasha & Kakamega ; Maseno UniversityFeeding accounts for 65-70% of cost production in a chicken enterprise. Fishmeal has primarily been used as a source of protein in chicken feed owing to its excellent nutritional value. However, due to its unstable supply and variation in quality, recent studies have focused on finding alternative protein feedstuff, such as edible insects. A study was carried out to evaluate the effects of substituting fishmeal (FM) with Blattela germanica meal (BGM) on the growth of chicks. Seventy-two KALRO improved indigenous chickens (KC), at the grower stage, eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD) feeding trial. Each of the four treatments was replicated three times. Birds were fed on dietary treatments that were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised-treatments TA (87.5% FM, 12.5% BGM), TB (62.5% FM, 37.5% BGM), and TC (50% FM, 50% BGM) TD (100% FM, 0% FM)-Control. Data on daily feed intake and weekly live weight was taken for eight weeks and used to calculate the Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and average daily gain (ADG). Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The feed intake, average daily gain, final weight gain, and feed conversion ratio was not significantly different from the control (P> 0.05). Thus, indigenous chicken fed diet with BGM and fishmeal performed similarly. As such, farmers should be encouraged to incorporate cockroaches as their on-farm feed to reduce the feed cost and increase chicken productivityItem An Assessment of Small Ruminant Production, Marketing, and Investment Options in Somaliland: A System Dynamics Approach(Elsevier B.V., 2023-01) Wanyoike, F.; Rich, K.M.; Mtimet, N.; Bahta, S.; Godiah, L.; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) ; Terra NuovaA complex set of factors affect the production and sale of livestock in Somaliland, including feed supply, diseases, and demand, among others. This study constructs a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the impacts of baseline dynamics and alternative value chain interventions to address inherent constraints. Findings indicate that Somaliland incurs high economic losses due to occasional animal export bans associated with Rift valley fever (RVF) outbreaks (up to 12% of GDP) and lack of pasture during droughts, given the lack of effort by producers to balance their flock sizes with stocking capacity. Under the baseline conditions, prospects for growth of the small ruminants’ sector are poor as the stocking rate is centered and stagnated at about 2.54 million TLUs, and a decline is projected in the long run. In contrast, the adoption of optimization of animal herd sizes in order to balance feed demand with supply could (ceteris-paribus) enhance productivity, boosting exports and domestic supply of slaughter animals and also lead to improved rangeland conditions, ultimately reversing the projected long-run erosion of stocking capacity.Item Evaluation of Selection Strategies in Dual-Purpose and Specialized Breeding of Indigenous Chicken(Elsevier, 2024-08) Miyumo, S.; Wasike, C.B.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Bennewitz, J.; Chagunda, M.G.; University of Hohenheim ; Maseno University ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ; University of HohenheimThis study aimed to evaluate various selection strategies for adoption in dual-purpose (ICD), meat (ICM) and layer (ICL) breeding goals in indigenous chicken breeding programs. The ICM goal aimed to improve live weight (LW12), daily gain (ADG) and egg weight (EW12) or together with feed efficiency and antibody response. For the ICL goal, age at first egg (AFE) and egg number (EN12) or together with feed efficiency and antibody response were targeted. In the ICD goal, the objective was to improve LW12, ADG, AFE and EN12 or together with feed efficiency and antibody response. Highest total index responses of US$ 49.83, US$ 65.71, and US$ 37.90 were estimated in indices targeting only production traits in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals, respectively. Highest index accuracy estimates of 0.77 and 0.70 were observed in indices that considered production and feed-related traits in the ICD and ICL goals, respectively, while in the ICM goal, the highest estimate of 0.96 was observed in an index targeting only production traits. Inbreeding levels ranged from 0.60 to 1.14% across the various indices considered in the breeding goals. Targeting only production traits in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals required the least number of generations of selection of 7.46, 5.50, and 8.52, respectively, to achieve predefined gains. Generally, a strategy targeting only production traits in a goal was the most optimal but resulted to unfavorable correlated responses in feed efficiency and antibody response. Addition of feed efficiency or/and antibody response in a goal was, however, not attractive due to the decline in total index response and accuracy and increase in inbreeding levels and number of generations of selection. Considering the feed availability and disease challenges in the tropics, choice of including feed efficiency or/and antibody response in the ICD, ICM and ICL goals should depend on targeted production system, resource availability to support breeding activities and magnitude of correlated responses on these traits when not included in the goals.Item The Rate of Growth and the Efficiency of Food Conversion in Various Breeds of Poultry(1956/1957) French, M.H.; Ledger, M.A.1. Breeds of poultry, imported as day-olds can grow at Muguga (6,800 ft.) at rates which are very little different from those secured in temperate zones. 2. The efficiency of food conversion for such birds is also little different from those reported from the temperate latitudes. 3. The amount of food Consumed per lb. of Iive-weight increase rises sharply from 14-16 weeks of age for the North Holland Blue, Brown Leghorn and Cambar and WeI summer breeds. 4. For Aylesbury ducklings and Roman geese a decreased gross efficiency of food conversion commences at an earlier age than with chickens and suggests that ducklings should be sold when not older than 14 weeks and that well fed gooslings are better sold when 12-13 weeks old.Item Poultry Killing and Processing(1950) Ginsberg, A.The meat of poultry forms a large proportion of man's diet and ranks next to the flesh of mammalia. Considerable quantities of birds are exported to Britain by France, Ireland, Poland, Italy, etc. The poultry industry of this Colony is developing and the time may not be far ahead when the number of birds will far exceed local demands and leave a substantial quota for export. To compete, however, with the old established continental exporters everything will have to be done to satisfy the standard demands of the British market. Besides choosing the proper breeds, methods of feeding, slaughtering, processing, sorting and plucking have to receive very careful attention if a standard product is desired.Item Diagnostic Survey of Poultry Production Systems and Constraints in Kikuyu Division of Kiambu District.(1994) Omwango, M.T.; Odongo, N. E.; Mbugua, N.; Omolo, B.; Kathingo, B.A diagnostic survey was conducted in Kikuyu Division of Kiambu District. Six locations, namely Kabete, Nyathuna, Muguga, Karai, Kinoo, and Kikuyu were covered. The objectives were to review the status of poultry production (exotic/commercial and indigenous chickens) in Kikuyu division, in terms of production systems, population, gender involvement, performance and economic values, document available indigenous knowledge and management practices, identify socio-economic constraints, priortise the constraints within the production systems, and; to identify and develop areas the for on-farm research.Item Some Recent Terms and Tendencies in Bird Taxonomy(1948) Moreau R.EOf recent years it has been increasingly recognized that natural populations are more variable, and organisms more difficult to classify than they once seemed. The present mood is chastened. "No system of nomenclature and no hierarchy of systematic categories is able to represent adequately the complicated set of inter-relationships and divergences found in nature. Not even the most extreme splitting will ever lead to completely homogeneous categories" (Mayr 1942: 102). This dissatisfaction has led to a reconsideration of the criterion of infertility and also to the proposal of new taxonomic categories, which are here briefly reviewed. I am indebted to Dr. W. H. Thorpe, Mr. H. N. Southern and Mr. D. Lack for discussing this review with me.Item The Dwarf Parrots (Agapornis) of Tanganyika(1945) Moreau R.E; AMANILovebirds", the English name by which these most attractive birds L are usually known, is a literal translation of their generic name. Agapornis, but I cannot think it an altogether happy one. For one thing it conveys an idea of maudlin sentiment-and to no birds is this less appropriate; for another, and more important, the name "lovebird" is to some extent pre-empted by the budgerigars, which are Australian. Other peoples' names for the Agapornis, Inseperable and Unzertrennlicher ("inseparable"), are not open to these objections.Item Small Scale Pottery Manufacture(1944) Glover J.; Goldstucker L.; AMANIIn 1941 the shortage of containers in E. Africa stimulated the investigation of E. African pottery. The potters of the Amani area were women who practised their craft according to tribal custom. Their products were unglazed cooking pots. After some difficulty due to tribal customs several women were engaged to demonstrate their work. The method, building process by walking round a stationary form, was found unsuitable for large scale production and as the potters could not easily adapt themselves to the production of new designs it was decided to train men to use the potters wheel.Item The Nesting of African Birds in Association with other Living Things(1942) Amani; Moreau, R.E.A MASS of evidence on the nesting associations of birds with social insects was brought together from all parts of the world and discussed by Myers (1929, 1935). His records were re-analyzed, with the addition of some for Africa, by Moreau (1936), since when a quantity of other African data, to be cited below, has come to light. It seems worth while to re-open the discussion, partly in the hope that this very interesting feature of bird biology may receive more critical attention in the field in future and partly to take the opportunity of adducing for comparison what is known of the nesting of African birds in association with animals of other classes besides insects. The records in. this paper are, therefore, arranged in four groups of associationsItem Aspects of Evolution in the Parrot Genus Agapornis(1948) Moreau, R.E.Agapornis, an African genus of parrots allied to Loriculus of Asia, has usually been classified in nine species. Their geographical, altitudinal and ecological ranges are described and their temperature relations are worked out. There is a general agreement with Bergmann's rule. Only two of the Agapornids appear to be in any respect ecologically specialized: to A. swinderniana, the only one confined to tropical evergreen forest, the seeds of figs may be an essential food; and A. pullaria is more or less completely dependent on the nests of arboreal insects for nesting‐sites. The other seven Agapornids are birds of dry country with a wide range of food and are indiscriminate hole‐nesters. All nine birds are practically allopatric. The four closely allied birds in East Africa, which produce fertile hybrids very freely in captivity, seem nowhere actually to meet in nature. Certain vegetation types, especially Brachystegia‐Isoberlinia woodland, appear to be an effective barrier, for reasons not clear.Item Contributions to the Ornithology of the East African Islands.(1940) Amani; Moreau, R.E.The sea‐bird breeding stations in East African waters are enumerated. Between the Lamu archipelago, where many species nest, and the Rovuma the most important station is Latham Island with its Booby colony (S. dactylatra melanops), which existed at least 115 years ago. Less than half a dozen terneries (mainly S. dougallii and S. fuscata) are known, and no gullery. Reef‐Herons, the only sea‐birds to breed on bush‐covered islets or in mangroves, are more widespread than the other species. The Terns lay about July, the Reef‐Herons a month earlier, and the Gannets about four months later in most years. Early records of birds in Zanzibar and Pemba are discussed specifically. The recent extinction of Francolins in Zanzibar is taken as proved. The land‐birds of Mafia and the neighbouring islets are listed and discussed, mainly on the basis of a recent collection. The avifauna is purely East African, devoid of endemics, and, considering the size of Mafia and its proximity to the mainland, astonishingly depauperate in some respects. Thirteen families (including Psittacidæ, Coliidæ, Picidæ, Alaudidæ, Timaliidæ, and Zosteropidæ) and several other coastal species are not represented. The phenology is discussed.Item Potential of Pyrethrum Marc as a Feed Resource for Poultry(Animal Production Society of Kenya, 2001) Animal Production Society of Kenya; Egerton University; Pyrethrum Board of KenyaA study was conducted at Egerton University's poultry unit to evaluate and determine the potential of pymarc as a feed for poultry were evaluated in using a completely randomised experimental five treatments inclusion levels of pymarc. Substitution levels, on weight basis, for 10,20,30 and 40% commercial layers' meal with pymarc were compared with layers mash on chemical composition and bid performance. Sixty ISA Brownegger hens aged about one year and in post-peak lay were used in this study. Feed intakes, egg production, egg weights and feed conversion rates (FeR) were determined. Inclusion of pymarc in the commercial layer rations at higher than 10% level, significantly (P < 0.05) depressed feed intake of hens. The % hen day egg production was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by inclusion of pymarc at the levels investigated. On the other hand, egg weight was not affected (P > 0.05) by inclusion of pymarc to replace commercial layers' meal. Feed conversion rates were significantly (P < 0.05) poorer with rations containing pymarc. It is concluded that pymarc as a feed resource in poultry rations can only be used at very low inclusion levels, less than 10%.Item Project Paper Rosemary NVRC RRC Kakamega Final Report NOV.2000(Kenya Agriculture Research Institute, 2000) Kenya Agriculture Research Institute; Kenya Agricultural Research Institute ( NVRC ) Kakamega CentreThe purpose Of The Project was to determine the impact of improved poultry management on farm income and household welfare in Busia and Teso District.the methods used were partcipatory Rural appraisal household survey training of farmers andon farm trials.the technology packages being tested were new castle disease control ND and suppliment feeding and chick housing a total of 77 farmers in the two divisions participated in the on farm trials.Item Prevalence of Parasites of the Local Scavenging Chickens in a Selected Semi-arid Zone of Eastern Kenya(2008) Bauni, S. M.; Mungube, E. O.; Tenhagen, B. A.A study to identify and estimate the prevalence of parasites of local chickens in a semi arid area of Kenya was conducted between March 2005 and August 2006. Three hundred and sixty (360) local chickens purchased from Yathui division of Machakos were examined. Of those, 93.3% had helminths. Nematodes were recovered in 268 (74.4%) chickens whereas 245 (68.1 %) had cestodes. Tetrameres americana (37.7%), Ascaridia galli (33.3%) and Heterakis gallina rum (22.8%) were the most important nematode species identified. Raillietina echinobothrida (33.3%) and Davainea proglottina (19.4%)
