Poultry and Non-ruminants

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An Assessment of Small Ruminant Production, Marketing, and Investment Options in Somaliland: A System Dynamics Approach
(Elsevier B.V., 2023-01) Wanyoike, F.; Rich, K.M.; Mtimet, N.; Bahta, S.; Godiah, L.; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) ; Terra Nuova
A complex set of factors affect the production and sale of livestock in Somaliland, including feed supply, diseases, and demand, among others. This study constructs a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the impacts of baseline dynamics and alternative value chain interventions to address inherent constraints. Findings indicate that Somaliland incurs high economic losses due to occasional animal export bans associated with Rift valley fever (RVF) outbreaks (up to 12% of GDP) and lack of pasture during droughts, given the lack of effort by producers to balance their flock sizes with stocking capacity. Under the baseline conditions, prospects for growth of the small ruminants’ sector are poor as the stocking rate is centered and stagnated at about 2.54 million TLUs, and a decline is projected in the long run. In contrast, the adoption of optimization of animal herd sizes in order to balance feed demand with supply could (ceteris-paribus) enhance productivity, boosting exports and domestic supply of slaughter animals and also lead to improved rangeland conditions, ultimately reversing the projected long-run erosion of stocking capacity.
Antibiotics as dietary supplements for poultry
(1958) N'Kella, M.
Experimental work involving the antibiotic response and benefit derived from addition of Aureomycin and Terramycin at certain levels to the normal chick diet has shown that these antibiotics promote early growth and reduce mortality in growing chicks. There are varying schools of thought regarding the way these antibiotics effect the response but the "Disease Control Theory" seems to be carrying the heaviest weight.
Aspects of Evolution in the Parrot Genus Agapornis
(1948) Moreau, R.E.
Agapornis, an African genus of parrots allied to Loriculus of Asia, has usually been classified in nine species. Their geographical, altitudinal and ecological ranges are described and their temperature relations are worked out. There is a general agreement with Bergmann's rule. Only two of the Agapornids appear to be in any respect ecologically specialized: to A. swinderniana, the only one confined to tropical evergreen forest, the seeds of figs may be an essential food; and A. pullaria is more or less completely dependent on the nests of arboreal insects for nesting‐sites. The other seven Agapornids are birds of dry country with a wide range of food and are indiscriminate hole‐nesters. All nine birds are practically allopatric. The four closely allied birds in East Africa, which produce fertile hybrids very freely in captivity, seem nowhere actually to meet in nature. Certain vegetation types, especially Brachystegia‐Isoberlinia woodland, appear to be an effective barrier, for reasons not clear.
Available Carbohydrates and Energy Values of Cassava, Yam and Plantain Peels for Chicks
(1977) Famujuro, E. O.; Longes, O. G.
The high cost of Production of cereals which constitute the major source of carbohydrate in poultry diets has necessitated the search for alternative ingredients to replace wholly or partially these cereals. The use of root and tuber meals for this purpose has been investigated by various authors. Yam, cassava and plantains are common starchy, tubers and fruits which are utilized as human food in one form or the other in Nigeria and many other parts of the tropics. They can be eaten boiled baked or fried and can also be processed into flour, "fufu", "elubpo", or gari".
Body Weight Heterosis in the Local X Exotic Crossbred Chicken
(1990) Asuquo, B.O.; Department of Animal Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
Generally the Nigerian local chicken appears smaller in size the most exotic breeds. Oluyemi and Oyenuga (1971) observed from their studies that the local chicken was inferior in post-hatch weight to its crosses and other exotic breeds. Crossbreeding has been recognized as the major tool for the development of present day commercial breeds of chicken and the upgrading of genetically poor local stock ( Smith,1964 and Sheridan, 1981). The importance of this breeding system is the resultant hybrid vigour or heterosis of the crossbred progeny relative to their parents.
Carcass Characteristics of Indigenous Chicken Fed on Diets Containing German Cockroach (Blattella germanica) Meal in Kenya
(African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 2023-09-11) Ngaira, V.M.; Wayua, F.O.; Mosi, R.O.; Wambui, C.C.; Alaru, P.A.O.; Ochieng, V.O.; Ilatsia, E.D.; Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) ; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) ; Maseno University
Edible insects are available for use in insect-based-feed, however there is limited information on carcass characteristics and sensory tests of chicken fed on German cockroaches (Blattela germanica). This study assessed the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with varying levels of processed B. germanica meal (BGM). Seventy-two grower chicken of eight weeks old, comprising an equal number of males and females, were used as sampling units in a completely randomized design (CRD). Four treatments were replicated three times and fed ad lib on different diets for period of fifty-six days. The treatments were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and comprised of-diet TA (3.5% FM, 0.5% PBGM), TB (2.5% FM, 1.5% PBGM), TC (2% FM, 2% PBGM), and TD (4% FM, 0% FM). Four birds per treatment were sacrificed on day 112. The birds were slaughtered, dressed, and dissected into prime cuts (thighs, drumstick, breast, wings) that were weighed and expressed as a percentage of live birds. Samples of breast were cooked and served to a panellist for an organoleptic test. Data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance for a CRD where samples were treatments while panellists were replicates in SPSS. Weights of plucked bird, dressed bird, thighs, drumstick, and wings of chicken fed on TA, TB, and TC was not significantly different from those feds on the control diet (TD). Similarly, the average percentage of the dressed carcass (65%) and other prime cuts was not different from the control. The flavour, smell, taste, colour, and overall acceptability of breast samples were not significantly different, with a mean score of 4.0 rated as good. The study revealed that replacing up to 50% of fishmeal with BGM does not affect meat quality, meat sensory attributes, and consumers’ acceptability thus actors in the chicken value chain should embrace use of German cockroaches as a protein feedstuff.
Challenges and Opportunities in Improved Indigenous Chicken Production in Kenya
(East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 2024-06) Wambua, S.; Macharia, I.; Mwenjeri, G.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization ; Kenyatta University
The poultry sub-sector is vital in improving livelihoods for vulnerable members of the society in rural areas in Kenya. It is a source of cheap animal protein and income especially for youth and women. It is one of the enterprises which require low capital and land to establish. This study looked at the challenges and opportunities in production of improved indigenous chicken which perform better than the local indigenous ones due to early maturity early laying more eggs. Results indicate that chicken were mainly reared and managed by women (84%). The average age of the farmers was 51 years who had attained upper primary education level. A majority (59%) of the respondents indicated that they belonged to different group categories which aided them to access training, credit, production and marketing information, markets and inputs. The costs of feeds were cited by majority of farmers as the most pressing constraint in chicken production with some indicating that they had either scaled down or completely abandoned the enterprise especially in the last one year. Some opportunities identified in this value chain were incubation, vaccination and feed formulation services. Policy makers need to address the issue of production including feed ingredients like maize, soya bean and fish meal.
Chick Rearing in Uganda
(1962) Trail, J. C. M.
The most suitable methods of brooding chicks in Uganda are outlined. The weekly growth rates, feed consumption and feed conversion rates for pullets from day-old to eight weeks of age are given. The two-month pullet weighed 1 t lb., having consumed 5 lb. of chick mash, with a feed conversion rate of 4.3 to 1. The cost of production of a two month- old pullet hatched on the farm is Sh. 5/35 and when purchased at day-old Sh. 6/10.
A Comparison Between Maize and Sorghum as Energy Sources for Broiler Chicks
(1977) Offioog, S. A.
The use of sorghum as a substitute for maize is not of recent consideration. Heywang and Morgan (1932) reviewed the wonk of Payne (1926) and Sherwood (1926) Who indicated the lit $sorghum could be substituted who to or .in part for maize in diets of 'laying hens. these earlier workers did not, however. Show comparison value of these ingredients in the diets of chicks. But Heywang and Morgan (1932) compared maize and sorghum for growing chicks and found that sorghum could replace maize to the extent of from 50 to 100 ,percent in ~the diet.
Comparison of Meat and Bone Meal and Soya Bean Meal Diets in Egg Production.
(1995) Oruseibio, S.M.
An experiment was conducted for 13 28-day periods to evaluate me nutritive value of meat and bone meal. A total of 288 21-week-old "Shaver - 288" pullets were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments. Each treatment was replicated six times with 12 pullets per treatment. Diets were formulated to provide 16 and 12% protein levels, based on either soya bean meal or meat and bone meal, with yellow-corn as the major source~ of energy. The parameters measured were: hen day egg production, teed consumption and feed efficiency, egg weight, mortality, Haugh units, egg shell thickness and final body weight. The data indicated significantly (P ~ 0.05) better performance of birds fed soya bean meal diets in comparison to those fed meat and bone meal diet’s III all parameters measured, except Haugh unit values, mortality and final body weight. These results show that meat and bone meal could be used beyond 5-10 % inclusion rate in rations for egg-laying hens, though 11 IS a poor source of protein compared to soya bean meal.
Contributions to the Ornithology of the East African Islands.
(1940) Amani; Moreau, R.E.
The sea‐bird breeding stations in East African waters are enumerated. Between the Lamu archipelago, where many species nest, and the Rovuma the most important station is Latham Island with its Booby colony (S. dactylatra melanops), which existed at least 115 years ago. Less than half a dozen terneries (mainly S. dougallii and S. fuscata) are known, and no gullery. Reef‐Herons, the only sea‐birds to breed on bush‐covered islets or in mangroves, are more widespread than the other species. The Terns lay about July, the Reef‐Herons a month earlier, and the Gannets about four months later in most years. Early records of birds in Zanzibar and Pemba are discussed specifically. The recent extinction of Francolins in Zanzibar is taken as proved. The land‐birds of Mafia and the neighbouring islets are listed and discussed, mainly on the basis of a recent collection. The avifauna is purely East African, devoid of endemics, and, considering the size of Mafia and its proximity to the mainland, astonishingly depauperate in some respects. Thirteen families (including Psittacidæ, Coliidæ, Picidæ, Alaudidæ, Timaliidæ, and Zosteropidæ) and several other coastal species are not represented. The phenology is discussed.
Cottonseed Meal as a Substitute for Groundnut Cake in the Diet' of Baby Chicks
(1978/1979) Njike, M. C.
In an experiment to determine the optimum substitution level of cottoIseed meal for groundnut cake, Warren breed cockerels were fed two diets containing 20 and 22 percent protein levels. The 20 percent protein diet oontams3.0 percent fish meal while the 22 percent protein level is an all-plant protein diet with 0.2 'percent lysine supplementation. The two diets were supplemented with methionine to meet the ARC (1975) recommendation. Solvent extracted cottonseed meal was used at various levels to replace 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 percent of the protein contributed by groundnut cake in the two diet respectively
The culture of Tilapia Nigra (Gunther) in ponds III - The early growth of males and females at comparable stocking rates, and the length/weight relationship
(1960) Whitehead, P.J.; Van Someren, V.D.
At equivalent stocking rates under comparable pond conditions, isolated male Tilapia nigra show a faster growth rate than isolated females. This sexual dimorphism in growth is probably genetically controlled, and is also characteristic of the closely related species T. mossambica and others of this group. This superiority in male growth is the basis of the monosex culture technique, and probably occurs under all conditions. Length for length, isolated males also show a greater weight per fish than do mixed breeding fish.
A Description of a Highly Fatal Virus Disease of Poultry New to East Africa
(1937) Hudson, J. R.; Veterinary Research laboratory, Kabete, Kenya Colony
In the Annual Report of the Director of Agriculture of Kenya for 1935 brief reference to an outbreak of a disease of fowls, clinically and pathologically resembling Newcastle disease, was made. The disease was diagnosed in November of that year in birds forwarded to Kabete from Mombasa. The European owner of the fowls reported that in the preceding twelve months there had been an extensive outbreak of the disease on Mombasa Island, and that very large numbers of birds had died.
Diagnostic Survey of Poultry Production Systems and Constraints in Kikuyu Division of Kiambu District.
(1994) Omwango, M.T.; Odongo, N. E.; Mbugua, N.; Omolo, B.; Kathingo, B.
A diagnostic survey was conducted in Kikuyu Division of Kiambu District. Six locations, namely Kabete, Nyathuna, Muguga, Karai, Kinoo, and Kikuyu were covered. The objectives were to review the status of poultry production (exotic/commercial and indigenous chickens) in Kikuyu division, in terms of production systems, population, gender involvement, performance and economic values, document available indigenous knowledge and management practices, identify socio-economic constraints, priortise the constraints within the production systems, and; to identify and develop areas the for on-farm research.
Diversifying Energy and Protein Sources for Poultry Feeds in Kenya
(Science Publishing Group, 2023-09-27) Wachira, A.; Mwangi, M.; Nyingi, D.; Minyatta, E.; Muriuki, W.; Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Non Ruminant Research Institute, Kakamega, Kenya. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Non Ruminant Research Institute, Kakamega, Kenya. Veterinary and Animal Production Solutions, (VETANP), Nairobi, Kenya. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) Non Ruminant Research Institute, Kakamega, Kenya. Centers for Research and Data Technologies (CRDT), Nairobi, Kenya
This study explores the utilization of alternative and locally available energy and protein sources in laying chicken feed formulations, aiming to reduce costs, enhance availability, and promote climate-smart approaches. The experiment included five dietary groups, each with specific energy and protein sources. Significant results emerged: average live weights displayed statistical significance (p < 0.0001), with hens on diet A3 containing fish meal (omena) exhibiting a moderate weight increase. Weekly egg collection demonstrated significance (p < 0.0002), with diet A3 yielding the highest collection, while A5 (positive control) produced the lowest. These trends mirrored the percentage lay, emphasizing diet's role in egg production. The incorporation of fish meal in diet A3 stood out, influencing growth rates and egg production due to its nutrient density and balanced amino acids. The impact of diets on egg weights was significant (p<0.0001), and feed consumption varied (p<0.0001), influenced by factors such as palatability and nutritional balance. The Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) analysis highlighted diet differences in feed efficiency. Overall, the study highlights the intricate interplay between dietary compositions, poultry performance, and production metrics, emphasizing the importance of well-balanced, diverse, and climate-smart feed formulations in achieving sustainable and efficient chicken production.
Dried Blood Plasma for Poultry
(1942) Department of Agriculture, Zanzibar
The provision of an inexpensive form of animal protein in the ration of laying fowl’s is frequently a matter of some difficulty, consequently description of the method employed in Zanzibar of preparing a protein rich ingredient for inclusion in the mash of laying hens may be of general interest.
The Dwarf Parrots (Agapornis) of Tanganyika
(1945) Moreau R.E; AMANI
Lovebirds", the English name by which these most attractive birds L are usually known, is a literal translation of their generic name. Agapornis, but I cannot think it an altogether happy one. For one thing it conveys an idea of maudlin sentiment-and to no birds is this less appropriate; for another, and more important, the name "lovebird" is to some extent pre-empted by the budgerigars, which are Australian. Other peoples' names for the Agapornis, Inseperable and Unzertrennlicher ("inseparable"), are not open to these objections.
The Effect of Environment on Internal Egg Quality
(1958/1959) Lake, P.W.G.
All poultry keepers must be fully aware of the importance of marketing high quality eggs. The presentation of a first class product not only simplifies the sale of that product but also increases public demand for it. A knowledge of the most important factors which affect the internal quality of eggs can assist the farmer in his efforts to produce a better article for sale.
The Effect of Haplochromis Fish Meal Supplementation on Growth and Feed Utilization by Broiler Chicks
(1977) Okot, M. W.; Mugerwa, J. S.
Thf'ee eJl'periments were conduoted to study the nutritional value of Haplochromis fish meall for poultry. A tot3l1 of 538 commerci,al broiler chicks were used. Graded levels of Haplochrol1lis meal consistin:g of 0, 2.5, 5 and 10 peI1Cent were first compared to similar 'levels of Menhaden fhh meal. Diets were then formulated to test the value of Haplochromis mea'l as sources of methionine, caloium and phosphorus. The effects of supp